畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)總結(jié)(900字)范本
第一篇：實(shí)習(xí)心得
時(shí)光飛速，11個(gè)月的實(shí)習(xí)生涯已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，在這將近一年的實(shí)習(xí)中我嚴(yán)格遵守醫(yī)院及各科室的規(guī)章制度，學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度端正，學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)明確，工作主觀能動(dòng)性強(qiáng)，在老師和學(xué)姐的帶領(lǐng)下，嚴(yán)格“三查七對(duì)”你及無(wú)菌操作�，F(xiàn)在我為我的辛勤付出寫下在醫(yī)院實(shí)習(xí)的心得。因?yàn)閷?shí)習(xí)的醫(yī)院實(shí)行的是全責(zé)制的護(hù)理模式，與以往的功能制護(hù)理不同，在這里我們學(xué)到了以“我的病人，我的護(hù)士”為原則，盡心盡力的為病人提供優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理服務(wù)理念。
記得去年的5月份，剛走出校園的我?guī)еo張、興奮、渴望的心情到醫(yī)院實(shí)習(xí)，第一個(gè)科室就是急診，從沒見過(guò)那么緊急的場(chǎng)面，我一下子慌了，雖然才剛實(shí)習(xí)，但我已經(jīng)懂得：我如今所面對(duì)的將不再是學(xué)校的理論知識(shí)和初步的實(shí)驗(yàn)課，我要面對(duì)的是真正脆弱的病人，是不可以出一丁點(diǎn)差錯(cuò)的。急診是一個(gè)綜合科室，對(duì)護(hù)理人員的能力要求也是比較嚴(yán)格，因此我學(xué)到的知識(shí)也是很多，了解到了急診預(yù)檢分診和院前急救的流程，掌握了心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀、心電圖機(jī)等的操作方法，掌握并加強(qiáng)心肺復(fù)蘇等專業(yè)技術(shù)和急診儀器（洗胃機(jī)、除顫儀）的操作和維護(hù)，熟悉了急診常見疾病的護(hù)理。
在各科室的實(shí)習(xí)工作中，根據(jù)學(xué)校和醫(yī)院的要求我積極主動(dòng)地完成了病歷的書寫、讀書會(huì)、病例討論，而且能規(guī)范書寫各類護(hù)理文書，做好病人出入院評(píng)估護(hù)理，能做好各科室常見病的處理和護(hù)理工作，認(rèn)真執(zhí)行無(wú)菌操作規(guī)程，能熟練進(jìn)行內(nèi)、外、婦、兒及重癥監(jiān)護(hù)等各項(xiàng)操作能力，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行三查七對(duì)等等，這些都培養(yǎng)了我書寫、組織、表達(dá)等各方面的能力。
根據(jù)醫(yī)院制定出來(lái)的教學(xué)活動(dòng)計(jì)劃，讓我從簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜，從看到做，從依賴變獨(dú)立，從臨床具體實(shí)例循序漸進(jìn)的學(xué)習(xí)。通過(guò)下臨床，我也意識(shí)到理論知識(shí)的重要性，因?yàn)樵诟鱾�(gè)科室中，最重要的就是給患者和家屬衛(wèi)教，在衛(wèi)教當(dāng)中，會(huì)由于理論知識(shí)不夠扎實(shí)，而衛(wèi)教得不全面，
因而在各科室的學(xué)習(xí)中和老師學(xué)姐的指導(dǎo)下，我學(xué)會(huì)了如何根據(jù)患者住院期間的護(hù)理評(píng)估和照護(hù)重點(diǎn)來(lái)擴(kuò)展對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)識(shí)，從而學(xué)習(xí)更多的理論知識(shí)，為病人更好的衛(wèi)教。當(dāng)自己的衛(wèi)教得到患者及家屬的認(rèn)可和表?yè)P(yáng)時(shí)，心底不由而衷的涌上自豪感。
通過(guò)將近一年的實(shí)習(xí)，我的理論水平和實(shí)踐水平都有所提高，在今后的工作中，我將繼續(xù)努力，牢記護(hù)士職責(zé)，不斷加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)與操作技能學(xué)習(xí)，全面提高自身綜合水平，為患者提供優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)，并在工作過(guò)程中克服急躁情緒，積極、熱情、細(xì)致地對(duì)待每一項(xiàng)工作，做一名合格的護(hù)理人員。
第二篇：畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)總結(jié) 9300字
UNIT THREE
Operations Research
運(yùn)籌學(xué)
Brief history
Operations research is relatively young discipline, being organized as a separate professional field of study only since the end of World War II. The Operational Research Society of the Untied Kingdom (ORS), Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), and the Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) were found in 1948, 1952 and 1953, respectively. However, the methods and practices of operations research were being applied just prior to the war by British scientists working for the Air Ministry. In fact, two of these scientists are credited with first coining the phrase “operational research”.
簡(jiǎn)單的歷史回顧
運(yùn)籌學(xué)是一門相對(duì)比較新的學(xué)科。它是從二戰(zhàn)以后才開始作為專業(yè)學(xué)科而被研究的。 英國(guó)運(yùn)籌學(xué)會(huì)，美國(guó)運(yùn)籌學(xué)會(huì)和管理學(xué)會(huì)分別成立于1948,1952 和1953。然而，早在二戰(zhàn)之前，英國(guó)的科學(xué)家就將運(yùn)籌學(xué)的理論和實(shí)踐應(yīng)用于空軍。事實(shí)上,正是這些科學(xué)家中的兩位首次提出了“運(yùn)籌學(xué)”這一名詞。
The earliest application of operations research involved improving the early warning system of the RAF’s Fighter Command. This system was quickly put to the test during the Battle of Britain. Throughout the remainder of the war, the methods of operations research were used by all branches of the British military to improve the results of their operations. As might be expected, the armed forces of the United States began to apply similar techniques soon after Pearl Harbor.
運(yùn)籌學(xué)最早應(yīng)用是在提高英國(guó)皇家空軍司令部的預(yù)警系統(tǒng)上。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)在英國(guó)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中很快被測(cè)試。在整個(gè)余下的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，運(yùn)籌學(xué)的方法被英國(guó)的分支部隊(duì)用于提高他們的控制結(jié)果。正如期望的那樣，在珍珠港事件后，美國(guó)軍方也開始應(yīng)用類似的技術(shù)。
After WWII, the use of operations research continued in the military and was greatly expanded. In addition, businesses on both sides of the Atlantic began to apply operations research to a broad range of management problems, such as accident prevention, production planning, inventory control, and personnel planning.
二戰(zhàn)后，運(yùn)籌學(xué)繼續(xù)運(yùn)用在軍事方面，并且有極大的拓展，另外，大西洋兩岸的商業(yè)活動(dòng)開始將運(yùn)籌學(xué)應(yīng)用到管理問(wèn)題的廣闊的領(lǐng)域，例如，事故預(yù)防，生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃編制，存貨控制和人事計(jì)劃編制。
The first formal university courses and curricula also began to be developed during the immediate postwar period. MIT, Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University), and the University of Pennsylvania were among the first universities to offer formal degree programs in the United States in the early fifties. It is interesting to note that similar academic programs did not develop in the United Kingdom until latter, although lectures and courses were offered at a few universities. University programs in operations research in the United States and Canada are located in a wide variety of colleges, schools, and departments, reflecting the field’s highly interdisciplinary nature. Programs are found in departments of mathematical science, decision sciences, statistics, industrial engineering, computer science, management science, engineering management, mechanical engineering, and operations research. These departments are located in school or colleges of engineering, business, management, industrial engineering, and applied science.
戰(zhàn)后，第一批正規(guī)大學(xué)課程也開始涌現(xiàn)，并迅速得到發(fā)展。xx年代早期，麻省理工學(xué)院，卡斯技術(shù)學(xué)院（現(xiàn)在的卡斯西方儲(chǔ)備學(xué)院）和賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)是他們之中第一批提供正規(guī)的學(xué)位課程的大學(xué)。盡管這些課在少數(shù)的大學(xué)被設(shè)立，有趣的是，在英國(guó)盡管有零星的大學(xué)也進(jìn)行了一些有關(guān)運(yùn)籌學(xué)的演講和課程，但是直到后來(lái)類似的學(xué)術(shù)課程才在英國(guó)得到發(fā)展。在美國(guó)和加拿大，運(yùn)籌學(xué)方面的課程在各種學(xué)校、學(xué)院和院系中被廣泛設(shè)置，反映出這個(gè)領(lǐng)域高度融合的性質(zhì)。這些課程被設(shè)立在材料科學(xué)，決策科學(xué)，統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)，工業(yè)工程，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，管理科學(xué)，工程管理，機(jī)械工程和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等院系中。這些院系隸屬工程、商業(yè)、管理、工業(yè)工程和應(yīng)用科學(xué)等學(xué)�；�?qū)W院。
Operations research as defined by the Operations Research Society of America, “is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and operate man-machine systems, usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.” Important to the field is the development, testing, and use of models to predict various outcomes under differing conditions or to optimize the outcome for a given condition. This gives decision makers the ability either to choose the “best” outcome or to enhance the likelihood of a given set of desired outcomes. The application of quantitative methods is also very important.
美國(guó)運(yùn)籌學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)將運(yùn)籌學(xué)定義為：在需要對(duì)緊缺資源進(jìn)行分配的前提下決定如何最好的設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)作人-機(jī)系統(tǒng)的決策科學(xué)。這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的重點(diǎn)是發(fā)展，檢測(cè)和應(yīng)用模型去預(yù)測(cè)在不同條件下的各種結(jié)果，或者優(yōu)化給定條件下的結(jié)果。決策者應(yīng)有的能力是：要么選擇最優(yōu)結(jié)果，要么增大一系列給定結(jié)果中的好的結(jié)果的可能性。定量方法的.應(yīng)用也是非常重要的。
Some OR accomplishments
Some important breakthroughs of the 1970s and 1980s are highlighted below, with description of how they have employed and the resulting economic impact.
運(yùn)籌學(xué)的一些成果
在20世紀(jì)xx年代到xx年代之間取得了一些十分突出的重大突破，下面講述他們?nèi)绾伪粦?yīng)用以及其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。
Integrative OR accomplishments
In 1983 and 1984 , Citgo petroleum corporation , the nation ’s largest independent refining and marking company ,with 1985 sales in excess of $4 billion, invested in a unique set of comprehensive and integrative systems that combine such OR disciplines as mathematical programming, forecasting, and expert systems, with statistics and organizational theory. Ctigo applied the OR systems to such operations as crude and product acquisition, refining ,supply and distribution ,strategic and operations market planning ,accounts receivable and payable, inventory control ,and setting individual performance objectives ,and now credits these OR systems with turning a 1984 operating loss that exceeded $5 million into a 1985 operating profit in excess of $7 million .
綜合的運(yùn)籌學(xué)成果
在1983和19xx年，全美最大的石油獨(dú)立冶煉和銷售公司--citgo石油公司，將19xx年超過(guò)4億的銷售額投資在一個(gè)獨(dú)一無(wú)二的全面集成系統(tǒng)中，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)將運(yùn)籌學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)規(guī)劃、預(yù)測(cè)及專家系統(tǒng)結(jié)合到了統(tǒng)計(jì)和組織理論中。Citgo將運(yùn)籌學(xué)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用到諸如：天然物資的產(chǎn)品開采，冶煉，供應(yīng)和配送，運(yùn)作市場(chǎng)規(guī)劃，應(yīng)收應(yīng)付款，存貨控制和制定個(gè)人執(zhí)行目標(biāo)， Citgo公司由19xx年5000萬(wàn)的營(yíng)業(yè)損失變?yōu)榈?9xx年高達(dá)7000萬(wàn)的營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)要?dú)w功于這個(gè)運(yùn)籌學(xué)系統(tǒng)。
Optimization
Optimization—determining how to get an objective function or performance index to its maximum within the limits of available resources and technology—is a fundamental goal of decision making and, moreover, an important tool in engineering design. For more than three decades, research in optimization—a considerable fraction of which has been funded by the STOR program of NSF—has been active and fruitful, with payoffs accumulating through a multitude of application.
最優(yōu)化
最優(yōu)化—決定如何得到一個(gè)目標(biāo)函數(shù)或性能指標(biāo)以使得在有限的資源和技術(shù)有限的條件下達(dá)到它的最大值—是決策的基本目標(biāo)，并且除此之外，它還是在工程設(shè)計(jì)方面重要的工具。三十多年來(lái)，最優(yōu)化方面的研究—它的很多方面的研究已經(jīng)被NSF的STOR計(jì)劃資助—已經(jīng)通過(guò)大量的實(shí)踐積累產(chǎn)生了作用并取得累累碩果。
Linear programming is widely used throughout the world. Optimization also involves techniques for solving large-scale, discrete, nonlinear, multiobjective, and global problems. Some recent advances in the filed have such great potential that they have been cited prominently in popular publications, including the NEWYORK Times and the Wall Street Journal. Moreover, optimization is in a new stage of proliferation because its techniques are now accessible to microcomputers. Since optimization has achieved a degree of maturity, it is natural to take a hard look at what can be expected from further research.
線性規(guī)劃在全世界范圍內(nèi)被廣泛應(yīng)用。最優(yōu)化也包括解決大規(guī)模，離散，非線性，多目標(biāo)和全球化問(wèn)題的技術(shù)。在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域最近的一些探索有如此大的潛力以至于它們已經(jīng)被一些受歡迎的出版物大力宣傳，其中包括《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》和《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》。此外，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在最優(yōu)化的技術(shù)可通過(guò)微機(jī)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，所以它正處在一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的新時(shí)期。既然最優(yōu)化已經(jīng)達(dá)到了一個(gè)成熟的程度，那么關(guān)注在更進(jìn)一步的研究中被期望的結(jié)果是自然而然的了。
In the more mature areas such as linear programming and unconstrained optimization, and in those of intermediate maturity such as integer and constrained convex optimization, emphasis will be placed on rapid, large-scale computation. This will be driven both by the need to solve large problems in manufacturing and logistics, and by the opportunities created in new computer technologies such as parallel processing. Research in such newer and lesser understood areas as global, multicriteria, and qualitative optimization, will necessarily deal with basic issues.
在那些更為成熟的如線性規(guī)劃和無(wú)約束優(yōu)化等領(lǐng)域和一些不太成熟的如整數(shù)和約束優(yōu)化等領(lǐng)域，研究的重點(diǎn)將被放到快速的，大規(guī)模的計(jì)算上。制造業(yè)和物流上的一些重大問(wèn)題需要和如并行進(jìn)程等新的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)所創(chuàng)造出的機(jī)會(huì)將會(huì)推動(dòng)這些研究的進(jìn)行。一些在全新領(lǐng)域和我們知之甚少的領(lǐng)域如全球性和多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定性優(yōu)化等研究，將會(huì)必然的應(yīng)用于處理一些比較基本的日常事情上。
Stochastic processes
We live in a world in which we have limited knowledge and an inability to predict the future with certainty. A telecommunications network may suddenly be flooded by calls; a vital machine in a manufacturing plant may fail unexpectedly; a firefighting service may be called into action without warning. The study of stochastic processes provides us with a systematic way to model, design and control service systems characterized by such uncertainly. Operations research will continue to provide an observational framework for such studies through fundamental research into foundations of probabilistic phenomena.
隨機(jī)系統(tǒng)
我們生活在一個(gè)知識(shí)短缺和無(wú)力對(duì)未來(lái)事實(shí)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)的世界中。一個(gè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)可能會(huì)突然被阻塞；車間的一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的機(jī)器可能意外發(fā)生故障；一個(gè)消防系統(tǒng)可能在沒有任何征兆的情況下被要求執(zhí)行任務(wù)。對(duì)統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程的學(xué)習(xí)將會(huì)為我們提供一種系統(tǒng)的方法去建立、設(shè)計(jì)和控制系統(tǒng)中的不穩(wěn)定因素。運(yùn)籌學(xué)為我們提供了一個(gè)通過(guò)基礎(chǔ)研究而了解基本的概率現(xiàn)象的框架。
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and computer/communication networks exemplify complex systems that fall into a class called discrete event stochastic systems (DESS). The efficient design and operation of these systems is extremely important to economic competitiveness, yet system behavior is not completely understood. Present methods of analysis and design of DESS focus on their behavior in the steady state, a conceptualization that requires performance measures to be made “in the long run” or “averaged over time.” Yet, most systems exhibit dynamic behavior on their way to (or sometimes even during) the steady state that may produce a deviation in performance from that computed by steady state analysis. Design and control of such systems (for example, multiechelon spare parts inventories, integrated manufacturing cells or computer/communication nets) involving explicit consideration of the cost or impact of transient behavior, is now a real possibility.
柔性制造系統(tǒng)和計(jì)算機(jī)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，也就是所謂的離散事件隨機(jī)系統(tǒng)的很好的例證。這些系統(tǒng)有效的設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是極其重要的，但是系統(tǒng)行為卻是很難被完全掌握�，F(xiàn)代離散事件隨機(jī)系統(tǒng)的分析和設(shè)計(jì)方法集中在它們?cè)诜�(wěn)定狀態(tài)下的行為上，在長(zhǎng)期的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)或超過(guò)平均時(shí)間的運(yùn)作中一個(gè)需要績(jī)效測(cè)量的概念形成了。然而，在他們向穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)過(guò)渡的過(guò)程中大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)展示動(dòng)態(tài)行為，而穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)也可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些被穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)分析計(jì)算出來(lái)的執(zhí)行偏差。這類涉及成本的清楚估價(jià)或短期行為影響系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和控制，現(xiàn)已成為一種可能。（例如，多樣級(jí)別剩余零件的清單，集成制造組織，或計(jì)算機(jī)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)）。
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