雅思閱讀分清段落功能的解技巧題
1. 段落類型與篇章把握
段落是篇章的主體結(jié)構(gòu),是作者觀點(diǎn)的主要表現(xiàn)單位。一篇結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)奈恼拢鋬?nèi)部的不同段落承擔(dān)了不同的表達(dá)功能,如說明性文章中有段落來闡明現(xiàn)象,做出定義;而議論性文章中我們常常讀到大量事實(shí)及數(shù)據(jù)占據(jù)主要篇幅的例證類型的段落。這些都是一個(gè)概念——“功能段落”的具體體現(xiàn)。熟悉這些段落的基本特征并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行快速判斷和預(yù)測(cè),能有效提高雅思考試中應(yīng)試者的閱讀效率和準(zhǔn)確性。
2.段落閱讀:各種功能段落
Contrast & Comparison型段落
比較和對(duì)比型段落多用于說明性文章。它的特點(diǎn)是通過對(duì)兩個(gè)或更多的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較或?qū)φ,陳述它們的異同,從而說明作者的觀點(diǎn),引出結(jié)論。作者根據(jù)寫作目的需要來分配筆墨的輕重稀濃。對(duì)于論述對(duì)象的描述有的“平起平坐”,有的則有所側(cè)重。
Example 1:
The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related.
由此段可知:作者無意“厚此薄彼”。首先分別介紹理論科學(xué)家和應(yīng)用科學(xué)家的不同工作領(lǐng)域,然后指出他們是同等重要、相互依存。所以此段基本屬于“平起平坐”一類。
Example 2:
At the University of Kansas art museum, investigators tested the effects of different colored walls on two groups of visitors to an exhibit of paintings. For the first group, the room was painted white, for the second, dark brown. The experiment revealed that those who entered the dark brown room walked more quickly, covered more area, and spent less time in the room than the people in the white environment. Dark brown stimulated more activity, but the activity ended sooner.
這一段便屬于“有所側(cè)重”的一類。作者指出實(shí)驗(yàn)在白、棕兩種顏色的房間進(jìn)行,但大多筆墨都用于描述深棕色房間對(duì)于人們刺激而帶來多動(dòng)行為的事實(shí),并在說明中采用了一些含比較級(jí)的`句子,這樣白房間里的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論便不言而喻了。
對(duì)比、比較類段落的布局大致有三種:先比較,后結(jié)論,Example 1便是此類;先主題句子,再比較,后結(jié)論,Example 2屬此類;第三類是先結(jié)論,后比較,下面的例子較典型。
Example 3:
Colors do influence our moods; there is no doubt about it. A yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand, black is depressing…
掌握了上述三種布局類型,對(duì)于抓中心思想和領(lǐng)會(huì)文章精髓,無疑可起到事半功倍的作用。此外,我們可以通過抓關(guān)鍵詞的方法來識(shí)別文章中的比較和對(duì)比型段落。在闡發(fā)比較對(duì)象的相同點(diǎn)時(shí),same, like, similar, likewise, equal, identical這樣的詞語用得較多。而闡發(fā)相異之處時(shí),則多用but, however, yet, nevertheless, whereas, although, despite, in spite of, even if, in contrast, by contrast, compared with, on the contrary等。
在Example 1 中的“one …, the other …”, Example 2中的“for the first, … for the second, ….”和Example 3的“on the other hand”這些詞匯也都是些較常用的比較、對(duì)比指示詞。另外,在Example 2中還使用了形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí),這也是比較、對(duì)比型段落中常常使用的語言形式。
值得一提的是在比較、對(duì)比型段落中還有一種特殊的類型。
當(dāng)作者試圖介紹一個(gè)抽象的概念或不為人們熟悉的事物時(shí),他往往是借助比喻或類比的方法,引入另一個(gè)具體的概念或人們所熟知的具體事物,然后進(jìn)行比較。但這種比較或?qū)Ρ仁怯兴鶄?cè)重的,其最終目的是比較兩種事物的異同點(diǎn),把復(fù)雜抽象的概念通俗化、具體化。
Example 4:
When light encounters a cloud of small particles, it is diffused. This may be illustrated by a familiar example. When sunlight enters a darkened room through a gap in the blinds, it will appear as a brilliant ray of light. This is because there are tiny particles of dust suspended in the air. These, although normally invisible, catch and diffuse and strong light shining on them. Thus we can see that diffusion occurs owing to all sorts of impurities in the atmosphere. This explains all the delightfully varied shades of color seen at different times of the day.
這里,文章將光的漫射現(xiàn)象引起“藍(lán)天白云”的景觀和陽光穿透縫隙射進(jìn)暗室的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行比較。前者是人們只知其表而不解其中的事物,可謂不熟悉的;后者是日常生活中常見的,可謂熟悉的。如此比較便使得文章生動(dòng)形象,通俗易懂了。
比較對(duì)比型段落是雅思說明及論說形文章中較常見的一種段落形式,了解了有關(guān)它的一些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),對(duì)提高你的閱讀速度和準(zhǔn)確性水平大有裨益。
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