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元旦節(jié)的來(lái)歷英文介紹
元旦馬上就到了，小伙伴們知道元旦有哪些來(lái)歷嗎?以下是小編幫大家整理的元旦節(jié)的來(lái)歷英文介紹，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。
the origin of New Years Day:
New Years Day, it is said to have originated from Zhuanxu, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, and has a history of more than 5000 years. The term "New Years Day" first appeared in the "Book of Jin": "Emperor Zhuan took the first month of Mengxia as the yuan, but in fact, it was the spring of the first day of the lunar new year
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Southern historian Xiao Ziyuns poem "Jieya" recorded the phrase "New Years Day in four seasons, early spring in ten thousand years of life". In Wu Zimus "Dream Liang Record" during the Song Dynasty, it is recorded that "the first day of the first lunar month is called New Years Day, which is commonly referred to as the New Year. This is the beginning of the annual festival.
In the Han Dynasty, Cui Wans "Inscription on the Three Sons Hairpins" referred to it as "Yuanzheng", in the Jin Dynastys Yu Chans "Ode to Yangdu" he referred to it as "Yuanchen", in the Northern Qi Dynastys "Song of the Grand Enjoyment of Emperor Xia" he referred to it as "Yuanchun", and in the Tang Dynastys Emperor Dezong Li Shis poem "Returning to Camp on the Day of the Yuan", he referred to it as "Yuanshuo".
Chinese New Years Day has always referred to the first day of the first lunar month in the summer calendar. The calculation method for the first day of the first lunar month was also very inconsistent before the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. Therefore, the New Years month and day have not been consistent throughout history. The Xia calendar of the Xia Dynasty used Meng Xi month (January) as the first month, the Yin calendar of the Shang Dynasty used La month (December) as the first month, and the Zhou calendar of the Zhou Dynasty used Dong month (November) as the first month. After Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China, he designated the first month of the lunar calendar as Yangchun (October), which means the first day of October is New Years Day.
Starting from Emperor Wu of Han, Meng Xiyue (January) was designated as the first lunar month, and the first day of Meng Xiyue (the first day of the first lunar month in the summer calendar) was called New Years Day, which was used until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
In 1911 AD, the Xinhai Revolution led by Sun Yat sen overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China. Representatives of provincial governors held a meeting in Nanjing and decided to use the Gregorian calendar, calling January 1st of the lunar calendar "Spring Festival" and January 1st of the Gregorian calendar "New Years Day", but it was not officially announced at that time.
In order to follow the agricultural season and follow the Western calendar, the first year of the Republic of China decided to use the Gregorian calendar (which was actually used in 1912) and designated January 1st of the Gregorian calendar as the "New Year", but it was not called "New Years Day".
On September 27, 1949, the first Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, while deciding to establish the Peoples Republic of China, also decided to adopt the universal Gregorian calendar, which we call the solar calendar. New Years Day refers to the first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
In order to distinguish between the two new years of the lunar calendar and the solar calendar, and considering that the "Beginning of Spring" in the 24 solar terms of the lunar calendar falls before and after the lunar new year, the first day of the first lunar month is renamed as the "Spring Festival", and the first day of the first lunar month is designated as the beginning of the new year - "New Years Day" in the solar calendar, and is listed as a statutory holiday, becoming a national holiday for the people.
Expert: The term "New Years Day" has been used for over 4000 years as a Chinese "local product"
January 1st every year marks the arrival of a new year, and people are accustomed to calling this day "New Years Day", commonly known as the "solar calendar year".
Astronomical experts say that the term "New Years Day" is a Chinese "local product" that has been used in the Chinese lunar calendar for more than 4000 years. However, the current Gregorian calendar "New Years Day" was established in 1949, and with the arrival of 2014, it is only "65 years old".
元旦來(lái)歷：
元旦，據(jù)說(shuō)起于三皇五帝之一的顓頊，距今已有5000多年的歷史。 “元旦”一詞最早出現(xiàn)于《晉書(shū)》：“顓帝以孟夏正月為元，其實(shí)正朔元旦之春。 ”
南北朝時(shí)，南朝文史學(xué)家蕭子云的《介雅》詩(shī)中有“四季新元旦，萬(wàn)壽初春朝”的記載。宋代吳自牧《夢(mèng)粱錄》中有關(guān)于：“正月朔日，謂之元旦，俗呼為新年。一歲節(jié)序，此為之首。 ”的記載。
漢代崔瑗《三子釵銘》中叫“元正”、晉代庾闡《揚(yáng)都賦》一賦中稱作“元辰”、北齊時(shí)的《元會(huì)大享歌皇夏辭》一辭中呼為“元春”、唐德宗-李適《元日退朝觀軍仗歸營(yíng)》一詩(shī)中謂之“元朔”。
中國(guó)元旦歷來(lái)指的是夏歷(農(nóng)歷、陰歷)正月初一。正月初一的計(jì)算方法，在漢武帝時(shí)期以前也是很不統(tǒng)一的。因此，歷代的元旦月、日也并不一致。夏朝的夏歷以孟喜月(元月)為正月，商朝的殷歷以臘月(十二月)為正月，周朝的周歷以冬月(十一月)為正月。秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后，又以陽(yáng)春月(十月)為正月，即十月初一為元旦。
從漢武帝起，規(guī)定孟喜月(元月)為正月，把孟喜月的第一天(夏歷的正月初一)稱為元旦，一直沿用到清朝末年。
公元1911年，孫中山領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的辛亥革命推翻了滿清的統(tǒng)治，建立了中華民國(guó)。各省都督代表在南京開(kāi)會(huì)決定使用公歷，把農(nóng)歷的1月1日叫做“春節(jié)”，把公歷的1月1日稱為“元旦”，不過(guò)當(dāng)時(shí)并沒(méi)有正式公布。
為了“行夏正，所以順農(nóng)時(shí)，從西歷，所以便統(tǒng)計(jì)”，民國(guó)元年決定使用公歷(實(shí)際使用是1912年)，并規(guī)定陽(yáng)歷1月1日為“新年”，但并不稱為“元旦”。
1949年9月27日，第一屆中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議，在決定建立中華人民共和國(guó)的同時(shí)，也決定采用世界通用的公元紀(jì)年法，即我們所說(shuō)的陽(yáng)歷。元旦，指西元紀(jì)年的歲首第一天。
為區(qū)別農(nóng)歷和陽(yáng)歷兩個(gè)新年，又鑒于農(nóng)歷二十四節(jié)氣中的“立春”恰在農(nóng)歷新年的前后，因此便把農(nóng)歷一月一日改稱為“春節(jié)”，陽(yáng)歷1月1日定為新年的開(kāi)始――“元旦”，并列入法定假日，成為全國(guó)人民的節(jié)日。
專家：“元旦”一詞系中國(guó)“土產(chǎn)”已經(jīng)沿用4000多年
每年1月1日，標(biāo)志著新一年的到來(lái)，人們習(xí)慣將這一天稱為“元旦”，俗稱“陽(yáng)歷年”。
天文專家表示，“元旦”一詞系中國(guó)“土產(chǎn)”，在中國(guó)農(nóng)歷中已沿用4000多年，但現(xiàn)行公歷“元旦”為1949年所定，隨著2014年的到來(lái)，它只有“65歲”。
Customs of New Years Day
1、 Worshiping gods and ancestors
The tradition of celebrating the Chinese New Year originated from the ancient farming ethnic groups "La Festival". The "La Festival" is a manifestation of the ancient peoples consciousness of "enjoying the gods first". People are accustomed to "worshiping ghosts and gods" and "gathering all things to enjoy them", forming the ancient custom of "offering sacrifices at the end of the year". Due to the conservatism of religion and customs, as well as the advocacy of rulers throughout history, this primitive "reverence for gods" ritual has been passed down from generation to generation and gradually evolved into the worship of the Kitchen God. There is a folk saying that goes, Three sacrifices to the stove, four sweeping of the house... This refers to the annual worship of the stove god on the 23rd (or 24th) day of the twelfth lunar month. Zao Shen, commonly known as Zao Jun, Zao Ye, and Zao Wang Ye, has been worshipped by the common people since its inception. People want to pray for blessings and prevent disasters, so they respectfully respect the Kitchen God.
On the 23rd or 24th of the twelfth lunar month, when the Kitchen God ascended to heaven to report the annual situation, people had to offer sacrifices to the Kitchen God. Maltose and wine were essential, and wine was meant to make the Kitchen God dizzy and disoriented. Maltose was sweet and sticky, and the Kitchen God could only speak good words after eating it. The common people use the phrase short hands for holding, soft mouth for eating in their worship of the Kitchen God. In the Song Dynasty, Fan Chengda wrote in his poem "Sacrifice to the Kitchen God": "It is said in ancient times that on the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month, the Kitchen God would go up to the sky to talk about things... I would send you drunk and full to the gate of heaven, and the long and short scoops would not return to the clouds, begging for profits and market share." The custom of worshiping the Kitchen God gradually faded away with the progress of society, and was replaced by ancestor worship. Worshiping ancestors during the Chinese New Year is not only a way to express condolences to our ancestors, but also to pray for their blessings and peace for the coming year. Ancestral worship usually takes place on the thirtieth day of the lunar new year. After sweeping the house, cleaning the courtyard, changing the door god, exchanging peach charms, and pasting Spring Festival couplets, ordinary people and families either go to the ancestors graves to worship, or hang the ancestors portraits on the main wall of the central hall, place offerings, light incense candles, and let the younger generations worship. The group New Years dinner that has been prepared for many days in the evening is usually held after inviting ancestors to "come" and enjoy it. Although the forms of ancestor worship vary in different regions, the meaning of "ancestor worship and prayer" is generally the same.
2、 Group New Years Eve dinner
According to folk legend, "Nian" was originally a monster from ancient times, which would come out to devour people at the end of each cold winter and the arrival of the new year. In order to defend against the predation of "Nian", ancient people gathered together, lit bonfires, and threw bamboo into them to make a loud explosion, scaring away "Nian". Since "Nian" is afraid of flames and explosions, people paste red couplets and set off firecrackers on New Years Eve, gathering to watch the New Years Eve in the bright candlelight. So, the custom of eating reunion dinner and keeping watch on New Years Eve was formed.
Tuan Nian Fan "is also known as" Nian Ye Fan "or" Fen Nian Fan ". According to the "Annals of Jingchu", the custom of eating Tuan Nian rice existed no later than during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The New Years Eve vigil also begins with eating the reunion dinner, which often takes several days to prepare. It is the most sumptuous family reunion banquet of the year for farmers, usually taking place at the time of lantern lighting, and some continue to eat until late at night. It can be seen how important this reunion dinner is. The customs of "Tuan Nian Fan" vary from north to south, but most of them have meanings. Northerners like to make dumplings, which means "to have children at a younger age"; Southerners like to make rice cakes, while Chu people like to make fish and meat cakes. "Gao" sounds similar to "Gao"; Braised whole fish is a prayer for surplus every year.
The common name for observing the New Years Eve is "Nian Nian", which was recorded in writing during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. The curtain opens and the wind enters the tent, the candle burns out and turns into ashes. Dont doubt the weight of your hair, dont rush until dawn. On this New Years Eve, which is known as "one night for two years, five shifts for two years", family members reunite and gather together to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, expressing peoples beautiful expectations for the coming year.
3、 Congratulations on the Chinese New Year
The "Beiping New Year Ballad" says, "On the first day of the lunar new year, people wake up early and put on brand new clothes. They visit relatives and friends, exchange New Year greetings, and wish each other good luck and prosperity in the coming year. The usual order of "worshiping the New Year" in ancient times was: first worship heaven and earth, then worship ancestors, then worship the high hall, and then go out to worship relatives and friends. There were also different customs such as worshiping ones own family on the first day of the lunar new year, worshiping the Yue family on the second day of the lunar new year, and worshiping relatives on the third day of the lunar new year. It was not until the fifteenth day of the first lunar new year that the worship was considered complete. In ancient times, there were two types of New Year greetings: New Year greetings were to pay respects to elders, while New Year greetings were to congratulate each other among peers. In the Song Dynasty, relatives and friends would send each other congratulatory messages to celebrate the New Year, which was probably an early form of New Year greeting. In the Ming Dynasty, the design of New Years greeting cards became more exquisite, with not only the senders name and address printed on the stickers, but also congratulatory messages such as "Happy New Year" and "Good luck and good fortune" written on them.
4、 New Years money for blessings
During the Chinese New Year, younger generations pay New Years greetings to their elders. The elders should give the prepared "New Years money" to the younger generation, symbolizing "New Years greetings and blessings". It is said that "Nian Nian Qian" can suppress evil spirits, and because "Nian" sounds similar to "Sao", it is also known as "Nian Sao Qian". The younger generation can safely spend the new year by receiving the "New Years money". The New Years money can be given in public after the younger generation pays their respects, or it can be secretly placed under the childs pillow by parents on New Years Eve when the child is asleep. In the poem "New Years Money" by the Qing Dynasty poet Wu Manyun, it is said: "A hundred and ten coins are tied with colorful threads, and then used as pillows for self collection." The common people place "New Years Money" under childrens pillows to "suppress evil spirits", hoping that when evil spirits, demons, or legendary "Nian" harm children, they can use this money to bribe them and turn misfortune into good fortune. Of course, this is also a beautiful wish from the elders for the childrens safety and health in the coming year.
元旦節(jié)的習(xí)俗
一、拜神與祭祖
過(guò)年風(fēng)俗源于遠(yuǎn)古農(nóng)耕民族的“臘祭”。“臘祭”是古人“神先享用”意識(shí)的體現(xiàn)，人們習(xí)慣“索鬼神而祭祀”、“合聚萬(wàn)物而索享之”，形成“歲終出祭”古俗。由于宗教、風(fēng)俗本身的保守性及歷代統(tǒng)治者的倡導(dǎo)，這種原始時(shí)代的“敬神”禮俗代代相襲，并逐漸演化為祭灶神。民諺曰：“三祭灶，四掃屋……”即指每年的臘月二十三（或二十四）祭祀灶神。灶神，俗稱灶君、灶爺、灶王爺，自灶神產(chǎn)生開(kāi)始，老百姓就頂禮相拜。人們想祈福禳災(zāi)，便對(duì)灶王爺恭恭敬敬。
“二十三，糖瓜粘”，說(shuō)的便是臘月二十三或二十四，灶王爺升天稟報(bào)一年情況時(shí)，人們要祭灶，麥芽糖和酒必不可少，酒是為讓灶王爺喝得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向，麥芽糖甜而粘，灶神嘴吃甜后只能說(shuō)好話。民間百姓把“拿人手短，吃人嘴軟”用在對(duì)灶神的供奉上。宋代范成大《祭灶詩(shī)》即云：“古傳臘月二十四，灶君朝天欲言事……送君醉飽登天門(mén)，杓長(zhǎng)杓短勿復(fù)云，乞取利市歸來(lái)分�！奔涝铒L(fēng)俗伴隨社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而漸漸淡化，取而代之的則是祭祖。過(guò)年祭祖，既是對(duì)祖先一個(gè)悼懷，也祈望祖先保佑來(lái)年的平安。祭祖一般在年三十，一般百姓人家在掃房子、凈庭院、易門(mén)神、換桃符、貼春聯(lián)之后，或舉家去給祖先上墳祭拜，或把先祖的遺像掛在中堂正壁墻上，擺上祭品，點(diǎn)上香燭，讓后輩祭拜。晚上那頓準(zhǔn)備多日的團(tuán)年飯，大都也是先請(qǐng)祖先“前來(lái)”享用后方可開(kāi)席。各地祭祖形式雖不盡相同，但“祭祖祈�！钡暮x大致一樣。
二、團(tuán)年飯守歲
據(jù)民間相傳：“年”原是太古時(shí)代的一種怪獸，每屆寒冬將盡新春來(lái)臨之際，便四出噬人。古人為防御“年”的掠食，便聚集在一起，燃起篝火，投入竹子使其爆裂出巨響，把“年”嚇跑。既然“年”怕火光、爆響，人們每逢除夕便貼紅對(duì)聯(lián)、燃放爆竹，在燭火通明中聚集守更待歲。于是，便形成吃團(tuán)年飯與除夕守歲的風(fēng)俗。
“團(tuán)年飯”又稱“年夜飯”、“分歲飯”。根據(jù)《荊楚歲時(shí)記》記載，至遲在南北朝時(shí)已有吃團(tuán)年飯的習(xí)俗。除夕守歲也是從吃團(tuán)年飯開(kāi)始，這頓飯常常得準(zhǔn)備好幾天，是農(nóng)家一年中最豐盛的闔家團(tuán)聚之宴，一般從掌燈時(shí)分入席，有的一直吃到深夜�？梢�(jiàn)這頓“團(tuán)年飯”是何等重要。“團(tuán)年飯”南北風(fēng)俗各異，但大都有所寓意。北方人喜歡包餃子，意即“更歲交子”；南方人喜歡打年糕，楚地人喜歡做魚(yú)肉糕，“糕”與“高”諧音；紅燒全魚(yú)則是祈禱“年年有余”。
除夕守歲俗名“熬年”，南北朝時(shí)期就有文字記載�！昂熼_(kāi)風(fēng)入帳，燭盡炭成灰。勿疑鬢釵重，為待曉不催�！痹谶@“一夜連雙歲，五更分二年”的除夕之夜，家人團(tuán)圓，歡聚一堂，共敘親情中辭舊迎新，寄托了人們對(duì)來(lái)年年景的美好期望。
三、恭賀拜大年
《北平年謠》有“三十日，黑夜坐一宿；大年初一，出來(lái)扭一扭�！毙履暾鲁跻�，人們?cè)缙鸷蟠┥蠉湫碌囊路胚^(guò)“開(kāi)門(mén)炮”便走親訪友，相互拜年，恭祝來(lái)年大吉大利。古代通常的“拜年”順序是：先拜天地，次拜祖宗，再拜高堂，然后出門(mén)拜親朋友好，亦有初一拜本家、初二拜岳家、初三拜親戚等不同的講究，一直拜到正月十五，這年才算拜完了。古時(shí)有拜年和賀年之分：拜年是向長(zhǎng)輩叩歲，賀年則是平輩間相互道賀。在宋代，親朋好友之間會(huì)相互送帖恭拜新年，這大概是早期的賀年片。至明代，賀年片設(shè)計(jì)更加精致，帖上不僅印有送者的姓名、地址，還寫(xiě)有“新年快樂(lè)”、“吉祥如意”之類的祝辭。
四、壓歲錢(qián)祈福
過(guò)年時(shí)晚輩給長(zhǎng)輩拜年，長(zhǎng)輩要將事先備好的“壓歲錢(qián)”賜予晚輩，寓意“壓歲祈�！�。相傳“壓歲錢(qián)”能壓住邪祟，因?yàn)椤皻q”與“祟”諧音，故又稱“壓祟錢(qián)”。晚輩得到“壓歲錢(qián)”即可平安度過(guò)新歲。壓歲錢(qián)可在晚輩拜年后當(dāng)眾賞給，亦可在除夕夜孩子睡著時(shí)，由家長(zhǎng)愉偷地放在孩子的枕頭底下。清人吳曼云《壓歲錢(qián)》詩(shī)中云：“百十錢(qián)穿彩線長(zhǎng)，分來(lái)再枕自收藏�！泵耖g百姓將“壓歲錢(qián)”放置孩子枕頭下，正是為了“壓祟”，期望在惡鬼妖魔或傳說(shuō)中的“年”去傷害孩子時(shí)，孩子可以用這些錢(qián)賄賂它們而化兇為吉。當(dāng)然，這也是長(zhǎng)輩們希望孩子們?cè)趤?lái)年平安健康的美好祝愿。
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