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2017年高考考前必背英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)大全
小編精心整理了高中必背的一些從句的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，大家再考前一定要看看哦。
一、主語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作主語(yǔ)的從句叫做主語(yǔ)從句。
2. 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類(lèi)：
(1) 從屬連詞that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。
(2) 從屬連詞whether。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否會(huì)來(lái)這里還不清楚。
(3) 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰(shuí)也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰(shuí)來(lái)都?xì)g迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解釋?zhuān)?/p>
1. 主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。常以it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型有：
A. It+be+形容詞(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她考試成績(jī)會(huì)很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B. It+be+名詞詞組(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that從句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遺憾我們不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒(méi)贏這場(chǎng)比賽真意外。
C. It+be+過(guò)去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說(shuō)格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據(jù)報(bào)道中國(guó)又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)+that從句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語(yǔ)從句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來(lái)這無(wú)關(guān)緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們?cè)谀睦镩_(kāi)會(huì)毫無(wú)區(qū)別。
F. 當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎?
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來(lái)很要緊嗎?
G. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪!
2.注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的含義
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 來(lái)的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來(lái)將會(huì)得到獎(jiǎng)
二、表語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句。
2. 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類(lèi)：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。
(2) 從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。
注：從屬連詞if一般不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.
這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。
能跟表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起來(lái)天要下雨了。
(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。
The question is how he did it. 問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。
解釋?zhuān)?/p>
1. 連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?/p>
2. 在一些表示“建議、勸說(shuō)、命令”的名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。should+動(dòng)詞原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。
三、賓語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
2. 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3. 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類(lèi)：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
注： that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí)，that不能省略。)
大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。)
對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知，只知道他是南方人。
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省略。)
我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話(huà)。
4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省略。)
鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。
(2)從屬連詞if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫(xiě)信說(shuō)什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如：
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。
解釋?zhuān)?/p>
1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。
2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，只是有點(diǎn)粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。
介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：
Are you sorry for what you've done?
你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎?
3.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句，這類(lèi)形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能確定我該做什么。
I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.
恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。
I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前沒(méi)看到過(guò)。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。
4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter。試比較：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句，意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話(huà)，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。
5.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问�。如�?/p>
I don’t think you are right. 我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎?
6. 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律：
(1) 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
(2) 當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。
四、同位語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。
2. 用法：同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽(tīng)說(shuō)我不能來(lái)?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來(lái)了。
注：同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否來(lái)。
連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰(shuí)該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還沒(méi)有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問(wèn)題。
解釋?zhuān)?/p>
1.that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別
that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句
that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
句法功能上
that只起連接從句的作用，無(wú)意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。
that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
意義上
從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。
從句起限定作用，是定語(yǔ)
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句，that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語(yǔ)老師這個(gè)消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)，可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求：盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
測(cè)試：
A. 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空：
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 單項(xiàng)選擇：
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
五、同位語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。
2. 用法：同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽(tīng)說(shuō)我不能來(lái)?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來(lái)了。
注：同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否來(lái)。
連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰(shuí)該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還沒(méi)有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問(wèn)題。
解釋?zhuān)?/p>
1.that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別
that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句
that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
句法功能上
that只起連接從句的作用，無(wú)意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。
that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
意義上
從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。
從句起限定作用，是定語(yǔ)
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句，that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語(yǔ)老師這個(gè)消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)，可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求：盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
測(cè)試：
A. 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空：
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 單項(xiàng)選擇：
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
(6)不定式的構(gòu)成
1. 不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例)：
主動(dòng)式
被動(dòng)式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
進(jìn)行式
to be doing
/
完成進(jìn)行式
to have been doing
/
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，在你們國(guó)家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如：
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒(méi)料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4) 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。
6) 疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式：
不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如：
On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢(qián)。
介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。
(7)-ing分詞的構(gòu)成
1. -ing分詞的構(gòu)成
-ing分詞是由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例)：
主動(dòng)形式
被動(dòng)形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒(méi)來(lái)使我們大家都很生氣。
2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式：
-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書(shū)本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因?yàn)闆](méi)有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動(dòng)式：
-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是-ing分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他從來(lái)沒(méi)談起過(guò)他被記者采訪(fǎng)的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后，作賓語(yǔ)的-ing分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書(shū)很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語(yǔ)法作用
-ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。
1)–ing分詞(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)：
Laying eggs is the ant queen''s full-time job. 產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專(zhuān)職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說(shuō)比做容易。
在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，-ing分詞也作主語(yǔ)。
�、贋榱吮３志渥悠胶猓ǔＳ米餍问街髡Z(yǔ)，而把真實(shí)主語(yǔ)放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無(wú)益的后悔是沒(méi)有用的。
It''s a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
�、谠赥here is no結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用-ing分詞。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車(chē)輪不可阻擋。
2) -ing分詞(短語(yǔ))作表語(yǔ)：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛(ài)好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令人困惑。
3) -ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)：
①–ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li''s class. 我們喜歡聽(tīng)李老師的課。
�、�-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)也可用在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作真正的賓語(yǔ)，而用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺(jué)得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎?
�、�-ing分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常用在一些短語(yǔ)的后面。如：
I''m against inviting him to dinner. 我反對(duì)邀請(qǐng)他來(lái)吃飯。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了倫敦，希望能成為一個(gè)著名的畫(huà)家。
此類(lèi)短語(yǔ)還有很多。如：look forward to(渴望，盼望), be proud of(以……自豪), be responsible for(對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)), insist on(堅(jiān)持), think of(考慮，想到), dream of(夢(mèng)想), object to(反對(duì)，抗議), hear of(聽(tīng)說(shuō)), prevent…from(防止，阻止), keep…from(防止，阻止), stop…from(防止，阻止), be engaged in(從事于), depend on(依*，依賴(lài)), thank…for(因……而道謝), excuse…for(因……而道歉), aim at(目的在于), devote…to(獻(xiàn)身于), set about(著手做), be/get used to(習(xí)慣于), be fond of(喜歡), be afraid of(害怕), be tired of(對(duì)……厭煩), succeed in(成功地做……), be interested in(對(duì)……感興趣), be ashamed of(對(duì)……感到羞愧)等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介詞�？墒∪ァＨ纾�
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國(guó)人交談方面沒(méi)有什么困難。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過(guò)去他�；ê芏鄷r(shí)間玩游戲。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚?
另外，-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話(huà)也沒(méi)說(shuō)就提前離開(kāi)了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息后，所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來(lái)。
4) -ing分詞作定語(yǔ)：
�、賳蝹�(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：
reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車(chē)
sleeping car 臥車(chē) singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車(chē)室
a waiting car 一輛等待著的車(chē) a sleeping child一個(gè)酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飛魚(yú)
the exciting news令人振奮的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
�、�-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門(mén)邊的同志是誰(shuí)?
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
�、�–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，常用逗號(hào)和句子其它部分分開(kāi)。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當(dāng)前的工作，大部分是他自己寫(xiě)的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過(guò)去。
5) -ing分詞做狀語(yǔ)：
-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
�、�-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。如：
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書(shū)，一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫(huà)，他想起了她的童年。
�、�-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂�，我不能把這本書(shū)送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 因?yàn)榉浅＜?dòng)，那晚我們?cè)S多人都沒(méi)睡著。
③–ing分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢(qián)。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④-ing分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語(yǔ)的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的后面開(kāi)始慢慢地走起來(lái)。
�、�-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語(yǔ)和讓步狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一個(gè)人如站在大山的腳下會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
注：-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)。
�、�“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或時(shí)間、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒(méi)人注意，他從窗戶(hù)溜了出去。
6) -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
�、�--ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動(dòng)詞后面和一個(gè)名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車(chē)的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來(lái)。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個(gè)小孩在偷東西。
�、谏厦孢@類(lèi)句子也可變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)，-ing分詞可看成是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人們?cè)僖矝](méi)有聽(tīng)到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱(chēng)代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開(kāi)頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到來(lái)使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門(mén)聲吵醒了。
1. –ing分詞作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)時(shí)與不定式的區(qū)別：
-ing分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的主要區(qū)別在于：在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時(shí)多用-ing分詞;在表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。如：
Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸煙)這里禁止吸煙。
It’s not good for you to smoke so much. (指你吸煙)吸這么多煙對(duì)你的身體不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教書(shū)。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我這一學(xué)期的工作是教你們英語(yǔ)。
2. 高中階段能接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：
mind(介意), suggest(建議), enjoy(欣賞，), admit(承認(rèn)), appreciate(感激，欣賞), avoid(避免), delay(推遲), dislike(不喜歡，厭惡), escape(逃脫), finish(完成), forgive(寬恕), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(錯(cuò)過(guò)), practise(訓(xùn)練), resist(抵抗，抵制), risk(冒險(xiǎn)), deny(拒絕，否認(rèn)), consider(考慮)等。
3. 有些動(dòng)詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：
①forget, remember, regret等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，而后接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)表示分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。如：
Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)我嗎?
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開(kāi)時(shí)要記得鎖門(mén)。
�、趧�(dòng)詞mean, stop, try, go on等動(dòng)詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，意思也有所不同。如：
I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 請(qǐng)你再試一次好嗎?
I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個(gè)。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車(chē)就意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完練習(xí)以后，我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)下一單元的單詞。
After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以后，他們又繼續(xù)工作。
He stopped talking when the bell rang. 鈴響的時(shí)候，他停止了講話(huà)。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的時(shí)候，他不時(shí)地停下來(lái)和湯姆談話(huà)。
注意：有時(shí)人們把stop后的動(dòng)詞不定式理解為目的狀語(yǔ)。
�、蹌�(dòng)詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)，不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
Please permit me to say a few words. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說(shuō)幾句話(huà)。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。
④動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí)，后面接-ing分詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式。如：
The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個(gè)房間需要打掃。
These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。
�、輨�(dòng)詞like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性動(dòng)作，多用-ing分詞;如指特定的具體的某次動(dòng)作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去學(xué)校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
⑥動(dòng)詞begin, start后面，如表示有意識(shí)地開(kāi)始做某事，常用-ing分詞，否則用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我們?nèi)ツ觊_(kāi)始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開(kāi)始談?wù)撃遣侩娪啊?/p>
注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：
a. 當(dāng)start, begin本身用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老師走進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候，他正開(kāi)始寫(xiě)信給他的父母親。
b. 當(dāng)start, begin后接表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一聽(tīng)到消息，他就開(kāi)始考慮一個(gè)好辦法來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
c. 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的東西時(shí)。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)，天開(kāi)始下雨了。
4. -ing分詞作表語(yǔ)的兩種不同含義：
�、�-ing分詞作表語(yǔ)可以表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容是什么。如：
Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問(wèn)題是了解人民的需要。
�、�-ing分詞作表語(yǔ)還可以表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征。如：
This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令人困惑。
�、�–ing分詞作定語(yǔ)可用來(lái)說(shuō)明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如：
reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚(yú)桿
flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫(xiě)字臺(tái) listening practice 聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練
�、�-ing分詞作定語(yǔ)還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國(guó)家
a growing city = a city that is growing 發(fā)展著的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來(lái)很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一個(gè)動(dòng)人的故事
working people= people who are working 勞動(dòng)人民
6. 不定式和-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動(dòng)詞后，既可用-ing分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用-ing分詞時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;用不定式時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了，即動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程結(jié)束了。如：
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲門(mén)你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了嗎?
Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人敲門(mén)了嗎?
7. 高中階段常見(jiàn)的帶介詞to的短語(yǔ)，后接-ing分詞或名詞。如：
admit to(承認(rèn)), contribute to(捐助、貢獻(xiàn)), get down to(著手做), give way to(讓位于)，keep to (堅(jiān)持、遵守), lead to (導(dǎo)致),look forward to(期待), take to(從事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、堅(jiān)持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、處理), be used to (習(xí)慣于), devote oneself to (獻(xiàn)身于), be equal to (勝任的、等于), be familiar to (為……熟悉).
高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語(yǔ)，如generally speaking(一般來(lái)說(shuō)), judging from…(根據(jù)……來(lái)判斷), considering…(考慮到……), talking of…(談到……，提到……), supposing…(假如……)等，它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致。這種短語(yǔ)可以被稱(chēng)之為句子的狀語(yǔ)，也可當(dāng)作一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來(lái)自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考慮到他是多么的窮，我們決定讓他免費(fèi)聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)。
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