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語法攻略詳解

時(shí)間:2024-11-03 12:03:50 考研英語 我要投稿
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語法攻略詳解

  眾所周知,語法知識是理解英語的基礎(chǔ)。通過對歷年試題的分析可以看出,單純考查語法知識題的比重并不是很大,這是要體現(xiàn)《大綱》注重考查考生的英語交際能力,鼓勵(lì)考生用聽、說、讀、寫的實(shí)踐代替單純的語法知識學(xué)習(xí)的測試導(dǎo)向。但這并不意味著對考生語法掌握程度的要求降低了,因?yàn)橹挥袑φZ法知識有較好的掌握,才能在實(shí)際的語言運(yùn)用環(huán)境中,識別各種語法現(xiàn)象,對文章進(jìn)行理解并做出正確的判斷。下面就重點(diǎn)語法內(nèi)容加以總結(jié),供考生參考。希望能幫助大家。

  1主謂一致關(guān)系

  主謂一致(Subject?Verb Agreement)指謂語動(dòng)詞要與主語的中心詞語在“人稱”和“數(shù)”的方面保持一致。這是在解題過程中需要時(shí)刻注意的。解答這類問題的關(guān)鍵是要找準(zhǔn)主語的中心詞語。

  Example 1

  The novels of John Cheever to a literary tradition that is concerned primarily with manners.

  [A] belongs [B]belong [C]is belonged [D]are belonged

  belong是不及物動(dòng)詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài),首先排除C和D。本句的中心主語是the novels(復(fù)數(shù)),所以此題的正確選項(xiàng)是B。

  2虛擬語氣

  在英語中,由于說話人的意圖不同,動(dòng)詞的表現(xiàn)形式也隨之不同,這就需要用不同的“語氣”來表達(dá)。英語中有三種語氣:

  (1)陳述語氣(the Indicative Mood)用來陳述事實(shí)。如:

  The teacher is very popular with his students.

  (2)祈使語氣(the Imperative Mood)提出請求、命令等。如:

  Please open the door.

  (3)虛擬語氣(the Subjunctive Mood)表達(dá)主觀愿望和假設(shè)的情況。如:

  If I were you, I would throw it away.

  所謂虛擬,簡單地說,就是真實(shí)情況并非如此。由于虛擬語氣歷來是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),尤其是它還有一些特殊形式和用法,所以也可能成為考點(diǎn)。

  Example 2

  Had they examined the question over a much longer period, 1 over the whole life cycle, they 2 reached a different conclusion.

  1. *[A] particularly [B] exclusively [C] preferably [D] precisely

  2. [A] must have [B] will have [C] may have [D] would have

  首先根據(jù)“Had they examined the question...”得出這是一個(gè)省略if的虛擬條件句。在表示過去情況的虛擬條件句中,從句中的謂語用had+過去分詞,主句中的謂語用would have + 過去分詞。所以,第2題應(yīng)該選擇D。

  3非限定性動(dòng)詞

  非限定性動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式,主要指不定式(the Infinitive)、分詞(the Participle)和動(dòng)名詞(the Gerund)。非限定性動(dòng)詞的使用功能多樣,且容易混淆,所以它們歷來是各種英語考試中的重點(diǎn)。

  Example 3

  We did make our comforts and discomforts 1 , but basically others 2 our experiences to us. We were virtually helpless and 3 the mercy of others, usually our parents.

  As we grew older, increased intellectual development resulted in increased behavioral options’ 4 available to us.

  1? [A]knowing [B]known [C]know [D]to know

  2? [A]distributed *[B]dictated [C]allocated [D]ordered

  3? [A]with [B]in *[C]at [D]on

  4? [A]became [B]become [C]becoming [D]to become

  第1題中make在作為表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞時(shí),其后的動(dòng)詞及其邏輯主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以跟在其后的動(dòng)詞要用過去分詞形式,如He was trying to make himself understood.所以此題應(yīng)選B。

  第4題考查動(dòng)名詞的用法。根據(jù)上文,resulted in后面應(yīng)是一個(gè)名詞、名詞詞組或相當(dāng)于名詞的成分。只有選項(xiàng)C能構(gòu)成一個(gè)前面帶有名詞詞組所有格的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu),這里的increased behavioral options是become在邏輯上的主語。所以此題應(yīng)選C。

  Example 4

  There was a big drop during the sunspot years of 1986 and 1987, and the number of people

  1 from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency 2 doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1986.

  1?[A]suffered [B]suffer [C]suffering [D]to suffer

  第1題考查了現(xiàn)在分詞做定語的知識。在and連接的后一并列從句中, 1 from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency 2 這個(gè)成分是修飾限定主語the number of people,起定語作用的。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中雖然選項(xiàng)A、C、D都有做定語的功能,然而從上下文的語意以及三個(gè)選項(xiàng)各自表示的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)功能來判斷,the number of people是suffer的邏輯主語,是動(dòng)作suffer的發(fā)動(dòng)者,所以此題選C項(xiàng)suffering最合適。

  Example 5

  Experts speculate that hardships might prompt some Russian scientists their know-how on the black market.

  [A]to sell [B]to selling [C]sell [D]sold to

  此題應(yīng)選A。prompt后接不定式構(gòu)成prompt to do sth.。

  4定語從句

  定語從句有限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句之分。限制性定語從句與其先行詞有著不可分割的關(guān)系,如果缺少了從句,先行詞便不能明確地表示所指對象。例如:

  This is the car (that) I bought last year.

  而非限制性定語從句和它的先行詞之間的關(guān)系就比較松散,它并不是先行詞不可缺少的組成部分,而僅僅是對先行詞的一種補(bǔ)充說明。例如:

  I?m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.

  從對歷年的研究生英語試題的分析來看,在英語知識運(yùn)用題中主要以選擇適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的形式來考查這部分知識。

  Example 6

  When the work is well done, a 1 of accident-free operations is established 2 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (1999年第44題)

  1?[A]regulation *[B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement

  2?[A]where [B]how [C]what [D]unless

  第2題的正確選項(xiàng)是A。where在這里引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句“where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum”,先行詞是climate。在這里where相當(dāng)于in which,即in the climate。本句意思是:安全規(guī)劃實(shí)施得好,一種無事故操作的工作環(huán)境就會建立起來,這樣因工傷造成的時(shí)間損失將降至最低限度。而how(如何,怎樣,怎么)和unless(除非)在語法上可行,但意義上不通。what(什么)無論從語法還是意義上都講不通。

  5句子的平衡(并列連詞及詞組)

  英語中經(jīng)常用并列連詞和詞組來保持句子的平衡,常見的有:and, but, or, as well as, not only...but also..., neither...nor..., either...or...等。解答這類題時(shí)還要注意毗鄰原則,即謂語應(yīng)與其相鄰的名詞或代詞保持一致。

  Example 7

  Concerns were raised 1 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 2 guilty verdicts. (2001年第49題)

  1?[A]what [B]when [C]which [D]that

  2?[A]assure [B]confide *[C]ensure [D]guarantee

  第1題選D。該題考查同位語從句和句子平衡的知識。that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句做concerns的同位語,對它進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的解釋。that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句本來應(yīng)該直接跟在concerns的后面,但因?yàn)榫渥犹L,會顯得句子頭重腳輕,從而使句子失去平衡,所以放在了后面。

  6代詞的用法

  代詞在英語中的使用很廣泛,并且形式多樣,考查代詞也成為檢測考生英語語言水平的一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn)。在近年的研究生英語考試中,代詞部分主要考查不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞的用法。

  Example 8

  A variety of activities should be organized 1 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 2 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 3 . (2003年第36題)

  1?[A]if only [B]now that *[C]so that [D]even if

  2?[A]everything [B]anything [C]nothing [D]something

  3?[A]off *[B]down [C]out [D]alone

  第2題考查考生對不定代詞的用法和區(qū)分能力。A項(xiàng)everything不能與else連用。B項(xiàng)anything 與else構(gòu)成詞組表示“別的什么”,但其中有“別的以外任何事情”的含義。從上下文的語意來看,此處用anything不妥。C項(xiàng)nothing 一般用在nothing else than(只不過,僅有)中。D項(xiàng)something 與 else 構(gòu)成詞組表示“別的事情”,用在肯定句中,從語法和前后語意關(guān)系上來看,D項(xiàng)是正確選項(xiàng)。

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