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英譯漢常用的方法技巧
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在句法、詞匯、修辭等方面均存在著很大的差異，因此在進(jìn)行英漢互譯時(shí)必然會(huì)遇到很多困難，需要有一定的翻譯技巧作指導(dǎo)。在英譯漢的過(guò)程中，有哪些好的方法與技巧呢?下面就和小編一起來(lái)看看吧!
一、一詞多義(Polysemy)
regular
regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline
delicate
delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food
二、注意有線詞的詞義
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.
三、詞義的引申(Extension or Generalization)
1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept
His novel is a mirror of the times.
The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.
Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.
2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept
In two years, he was a national phenomenon.
Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.
Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.
四、詞義的褒貶(Commendatory and Derogatory)
The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.
Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.
It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.
John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.
The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.
She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
Exercises
I have no opinion of that sort of man.
She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”
I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.
I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.
The picture flattered her.
The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.
五、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
(一)名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯動(dòng)詞(Convert nouns into verbs)
My admiration for him grew more.
He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.
To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.
The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.
Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.
In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.
Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
I am no drinker, nor smoker.
The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.
(二)介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞(Convert prepositions into verbs)
There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.
We are fortunate in our opponent.
Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.
The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.
I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.
Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
(三)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞(Convert adjectives into verbs)
He said the meeting was informative.
They were news-hungry.
It was a very informative meeting.
(四)副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞(Convert adverbs into verbs)
The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.
It has snowed over.
Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?
六、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞
(一)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞(Convert verbs into nouns)
She knows what’s what.
They thought differently.
TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.
The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.
He roared, which threatened his enemies away.
The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.
(二)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞
The new treaty would be good for ten years.
The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.
Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.
Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.
七、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞
名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞
Their physical experiment was a success.
The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.
Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”
He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.
In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.
八、其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯
副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞
The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.
Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.
The image must be dimensionally correct.
九、大量的英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句要化成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句
1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.
2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.
3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.
4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.
十、以by為著眼點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行多種譯文
1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.
2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.
3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.
4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.
5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.
十一、“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表達(dá)
1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.
2. It should be understood that to err is human.
十二、漢譯中需用被動(dòng)式時(shí)，也最好多找一些字眼來(lái)取代“被”字
1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.
2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.
3. He was set upon by two naked men.
4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.
5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.
十三、名詞、動(dòng)名詞前增補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞
1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.
2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.
十四、英語(yǔ)抽象名詞的翻譯
1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.
2. Many changes take place during the transformation.
3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.
4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.
十五、將具體形象的詞譯成該形象所具有的屬性和特征，這是一種引申，需增詞
1. It was a Godsend to him.
2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.
十六、增添“概括”性的詞
1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.
2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.
3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.
4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.
十七、英文中為避免重復(fù)而省略之詞，漢譯時(shí)需補(bǔ)上，作必要的重復(fù)
1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.
十八、漢譯文根據(jù)原文意思增加一些必要的解釋性文字
1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.
2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “l(fā)ike Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.
十九、增補(bǔ)量詞
1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.
2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.
二十、增補(bǔ)表示復(fù)數(shù)含義的詞
1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.
2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.
10個(gè)常用翻譯技巧
1.增譯法：
指根據(jù)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言不同的思維方式、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式，在翻譯時(shí)增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。
漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句較多，而英語(yǔ)句子一般都要有主語(yǔ)，所以在翻譯漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句的時(shí)候，除了少數(shù)可用英語(yǔ)無(wú)主句、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或 "There be…"結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)，使句子完整。英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。
英語(yǔ)中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說(shuō)到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時(shí)，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)需要增補(bǔ)物主代詞，而在英譯漢時(shí)又需要根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)?shù)貏h減。
英語(yǔ)詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來(lái)表示，而漢語(yǔ)則往往通過(guò)上下文和語(yǔ)序來(lái)表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)常常需要增補(bǔ)連詞。
英語(yǔ)句子離不開(kāi)介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時(shí)還要注意增補(bǔ)一些原文中暗含而沒(méi)有明言的詞語(yǔ)和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語(yǔ)，以確保譯文意思的完整�？傊�，通過(guò)增譯，一是保證譯文語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。如：
2. 省譯法：
這是與增譯法相對(duì)應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標(biāo)語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。又如：
3.轉(zhuǎn)換法：
指翻譯過(guò)程中為了使譯文符合目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的表述方式、方法和習(xí)慣而對(duì)原句中的詞類、句型和語(yǔ)態(tài)等進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。
具體的說(shuō)，就是在詞性方面，把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞；把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語(yǔ)。
在句子成分方面，把主語(yǔ)變成狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)；把謂語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)；把定語(yǔ)變成狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)；把賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)。
在句型方面，把并列句變成復(fù)合句，把復(fù)合句變成并列句，把狀語(yǔ)從句變成定語(yǔ)從句。在語(yǔ)態(tài)方面，可以把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
4.拆句法和合并法：
這是兩種相對(duì)應(yīng)的翻譯方法。拆句法是把一個(gè)長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子拆譯成若干個(gè)較短、較簡(jiǎn)單的句子，通常用于英譯漢；合并法是把若干個(gè)短句合并成一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，一般用于漢譯英。
漢語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)意合，結(jié)構(gòu)較松散，因此簡(jiǎn)單句較多；英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)形合，結(jié)構(gòu)較嚴(yán)密，因此長(zhǎng)句較多。
所以漢譯英時(shí)要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語(yǔ)從句、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語(yǔ)短句連成長(zhǎng)句；而英譯漢時(shí)又常常要在原句的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處，以及意群結(jié)束處將長(zhǎng)句切斷，譯成漢語(yǔ)分句。
這樣就可以基本保留英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序，順譯全句，順應(yīng)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)短句相替、單復(fù)句相間的句法修辭原則。如：
5.正譯法和反譯法：
這兩種方法通常用于漢譯英，偶爾也用于英譯漢。所謂正譯，是指把句子按照與漢語(yǔ)相同的語(yǔ)序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語(yǔ)。
所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語(yǔ)相反的語(yǔ)序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語(yǔ)。正譯與反譯常常具有同義的效果，但反譯往往更符合英語(yǔ)的思維方式和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此比較地道。如：
6. 倒置法：
在漢語(yǔ)中，定語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)往往位于被修飾語(yǔ)之前；在英語(yǔ)中，許多修飾語(yǔ)常常位于被修飾語(yǔ)之后，因此翻譯時(shí)往往要把原文的語(yǔ)序顛倒過(guò)來(lái)。
倒置法通常用于英譯漢, 即對(duì)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法進(jìn)行前后調(diào)換，按意群或進(jìn)行全部倒置，原則是使?jié)h語(yǔ)譯句安排符合現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)論理敘事的一般邏輯順序。有時(shí)倒置法也用于漢譯英。如：
7.包孕法：
這種方法多用于英譯漢。所謂包孕是指在把英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，把英語(yǔ)后置成分按照漢語(yǔ)的正常語(yǔ)序放在中心詞之前，使修飾成分在漢語(yǔ)句中形成前置包孕。但修飾成分不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)，否則會(huì)形成拖沓或造成漢語(yǔ)句子成分在連接上的糾葛。如：
(1)You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.
您是一位來(lái)自于使中國(guó)倍感親切的國(guó)家和大洲的代表。
(2)What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.
使我們走到一起的，是我們有超越這些分歧的共同利益。
8 .插入法：
指把難以處理的句子成分用破折號(hào)、括號(hào)或前后逗號(hào)插入譯句中。這種方法主要用于筆譯中。
偶爾也用于口譯中，即用同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)處理一些解釋性成分。如：
如果說(shuō)宣布收回香港就會(huì)像夫人說(shuō)的"帶來(lái)災(zāi)難性的影響"，那我們要勇敢地面對(duì)這個(gè)災(zāi)難，做出決策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, "disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.
9. 重組法：
指在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí)，為了使譯文流暢和更符合漢語(yǔ)敘事論理的習(xí)慣，在捋清英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的結(jié)構(gòu)、弄懂英語(yǔ)原意的基礎(chǔ)上，徹底擺脫原文語(yǔ)序和句子形式，對(duì)句子進(jìn)行重新組合。
如：
Decisionmust be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much asperception,because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.
必須把大量時(shí)間花在確保關(guān)鍵人物均根據(jù)同一情報(bào)和目的行事，而這一切對(duì)身體的耐力和思維能力都是一大考驗(yàn)。因此，一旦考慮成熟，決策者就應(yīng)迅速做出決策。
10．綜合法：
是指單用某種翻譯技巧無(wú)法譯出時(shí)，著眼篇章，以邏輯分析為基礎(chǔ)，同時(shí)使用轉(zhuǎn)換法、倒置法、增譯法、省譯法、拆句法等多種翻譯技巧的方法。如：
How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe?
歐洲聯(lián)盟應(yīng)該怎樣做才能對(duì)歐洲的電影電視工業(yè)有所貢獻(xiàn)，使它在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，使它有能力發(fā)揮歐洲文化的影響，并且能夠在歐洲創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)呢?
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