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元宵節(jié)的來歷英文版
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元宵節(jié)
lantern festival 元宵節(jié)
it comes on the 15th of the first lunar month and it marks the end of the spring festival. on this day, people often eat sweet dumplings(元宵)for good luck. they will visit the display of lanterns(燈展)or go for temple fair(廟會(huì))
元宵節(jié)的來歷 lantern festival
lantern festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. this is the first full moon of the new year, symbolizing unity and perfection. lantern festival is an important part of spring festival , and marks the official end of the long holiday.
there are many legends concerning the origins of lantern festival.
關(guān)于元宵節(jié)的來歷有很多傳說。
According to one legend, once in ancient times, a celestial swan came into the mortal world where it was shot down by a hunter. the jade emperor, the highest god in heaven, vowed to avenge the swan. he started making plans to send a troop of celestial soldiers and generals to earth on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, with orders to incinerate all humans and animals. but the other celestial beings disagreed with this course of action, and risked their lives to warn the people of earth. as a result, before and after the fifteenth day of the first month, every family hung red lanterns outside their doors and set off firecrackers and fireworks, giving the impression that their homes were already burning. by successfully tricking the jade emperor in this way, humanity was saved from extermination.
有一個(gè)傳說是這樣的，在古代，有一位神界天鵝闖入人間被獵手誤殺。天界最高的神玉皇大帝因此發(fā)誓為這只天鵝報(bào)仇。他開始制定計(jì)劃，派出一支天兵天將于農(nóng)歷正月十五來到人間，命令他們火燒所有的人和動(dòng)物。但是其他神仙并不贊同這一計(jì)劃，他們冒著生命危險(xiǎn)提醒人間的人們。結(jié)果，在正月十五這一天前后，每一個(gè)家庭在門外面掛起燈籠，并燃放煙花爆竹，給天兵天將造成各家各戶起火的假象。通過這種方式，人們成功騙過了玉皇大帝，人類也因此逃過滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。
According to another legend, during the time of emperor han wudi of the han dynasty , a palace woman named yuanxiao was prevented from carrying out her filial duty of visiting her parents on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. distraught, she said she would kill herself by jumping into a well. in order to help yuanxiao fulfill her duty as a filial daughter, the scholar dongfang shuo came up with a scheme. he told emperor han wudi that the jade emperor, the highest god in heaven, had ordered the fire god to burn down the capital city of changan on the sixteenth day of the first lunar month. anxious to find a way to save his city, the emperor asked dongfang shuo what he should do. dongfang shuo replied that the fire god loved red lanterns more than anything. he advised that the streets be hung with red lanterns, and the emperor, empress, concubines, and court officials come out of the palace to see them. in this way, the fire god would be distracted and disaster averted. the emperor followed dongfang shuos advice, and while everyone was out viewing the lanterns, yuanxiao was able to sneak out of the palace and be reunited with her parents.
另外一個(gè)傳說發(fā)生在漢武帝時(shí)期。一位名叫元宵的宮女因身處深宮，沒法在正月十五與父母團(tuán)聚盡孝。為此，她欲跳井自盡。為了幫助元宵姑娘為父母盡孝，智者東方朔想出了一個(gè)計(jì)劃。他告訴漢武帝，天界最高的神——玉皇大帝下令在正月十六火燒長(zhǎng)安都。為了拯救長(zhǎng)安城，漢武帝問東方朔該怎么辦。東方朔回答說火神最愛大紅燈籠。他建議在街道上懸掛大紅燈籠，皇帝、皇后、六宮嬪妃和朝廷大臣都要外出觀賞燈籠。這樣，火神的注意力就會(huì)被分散，災(zāi)難也就可以避免了。皇帝采納了東方朔的建議，當(dāng)所有人都外出賞燈時(shí)，元宵得以有機(jī)會(huì)溜出皇宮，和家人團(tuán)圓。
Although the above stories are quite fantastical, it is sure that the origins of lantern festival are related to ancient humanitys use of fire to celebrate festivals and avert disaster. since lantern festival involves making offerings to the deities and is celebrated at night, it is natural that fire would play an important role. over time, lantern festival gradually evolved into its present form. when buddhism was introduced to china during the eastern han dynasty , the emperor decreed that on the night of the full moon of the first lunar month, lanterns should be lit to honor buddha, adding yet another level of significance to lantern festival. and according to daoism, lantern festival is associated with the primordial deities of heaven and fire, who were born on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month.
雖然上述的傳說很神奇，但可以確定的是元宵節(jié)的起源必定跟古代人們使用火來慶祝節(jié)日、躲避災(zāi)難有關(guān)。元宵節(jié)活動(dòng)包括逃避邪神，且是在晚上慶祝，所以很自然地，火就扮演了很重要的角色。隨著時(shí)間的流逝，元宵節(jié)逐漸演變?yōu)榻裉斓男问�。東漢時(shí)期，佛教傳入中國(guó)，皇帝下令，在正月第一個(gè)滿月的晚上，必須點(diǎn)亮燈籠敬佛，這也使元宵節(jié)更增添了一份意義。而在道教里，元宵節(jié)是與掌管天界和火的元神緊密相連的，因?yàn)樗麄兙驼Q生在正月十五。
Eating yuanxiao (sweet dumplings made with glutinous rice flour) is one of the special traditions of lantern festival. lantern festival is also called yuanxiao festival. another name for yuanxiao is tangyuan, which literally means "boiled spheres."
吃元宵(有糯米粉制成的甜餡兒食物)是元宵節(jié)一個(gè)特別傳統(tǒng)，而元宵節(jié)也因這種食物得名。元宵的另一種叫法是湯圓，字面意思就是“煮熟的圓球狀食品”。
Festive folklore
Moon cakes, also known as moon group, harvest cake, palace cake and reunion cake, are tributes to the moon god in ancient Mid-Autumn Festival. Moon cakes were originally used as offerings to worship the moon god. Later, people gradually regarded the Mid-Autumn Festival as a symbol of family reunion. Moon cakes symbolize a happy reunion. People regard them as holiday food, and use them to worship the moon and give them to relatives and friends. Historically, eating moon cakes is not an indispensable activity of Mid-Autumn Festival, and there were no moon cakes specially made for Mid-Autumn Festival in Tang and Song Dynasties. However, since the appearance of Mid-Autumn Moon Cake in Ming Dynasty, it has become a necessary part of Mid-Autumn custom. The original moon cakes originated from the food of Zhu Jie, an army in the Tang Dynasty. During Tang Gaozus reign, the general Li Jing conquered the Turks by the hidden message of moon cakes, and won the victory on August 15th. Since then, eating moon cakes has become an annual custom. The writers of the Song Dynasty were thorough, and the name of "moon cake" was first mentioned in "Old Things in Wulin", which described what Lin an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, saw. In the Ming Dynasty, eating moon cakes in the Mid-Autumn Festival gradually spread among the people. At that time, ingenious bakers printed the Goddess Change flying to the moons fairy tales on mooncakes as food art drawings, making mooncakes a necessary food for the Mid-Autumn Festival. Up to now, eating moon cakes has become a necessary custom for Mid-Autumn Festival in northern and southern parts of China. On this day, people eat moon cakes to show "reunion".
Traditional festivals in China have the characteristics of valuing human relations and attaching importance to family ties, and the reunion of relatives and the prosperity of people are the blessings during festivals. Among them, two festivals are more prominent in emphasizing family reunion, one is the Spring Festival and the other is the Mid-Autumn Festival. Since the Mid-Autumn Festival in the Tang Dynasty, the full moon has been associated with human reunion. With the changes of the times, the theme of human reunion has become more and more prominent and important. This theme is closely related to the fact that the Mid-Autumn Festival originated from the full moon, which can be regarded as a feature of the Mid-Autumn Festival, and it is poetic because of its connection with the bright moon. If folks have children outside and cant go home for reunion on this day, both parents and children will feel particularly sorry. In modern society, when it is difficult for people to reunite with their loved ones, they often call back or send letters to greet them. In the past, in addition to family reunion, friends also had the custom of gathering to enjoy the moon and exchange poems.
Send gifts to each other
Since the Ming Dynasty, there have been activities of exchanging moon cakes and melons and fruits in the Mid-Autumn Festival. Now, this custom is more popular and has evolved into an unrestricted exchange of gifts in the name of festivals. Giving gifts to each other is a kind of beautiful custom, which embodies thegoodintentions andgoodmorality of caring for each other, respecting the elderly and loving the young, and is also an important way to close interpersonal relationships and express inner feelings.
Universal custom
Enjoy the moon (play with the moon)
Folk Mid-Autumn Festival activities began in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but they did not become a habit. The custom of enjoying the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival was formally formed in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it was quite popular to enjoy and play with the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and many poets wrote poems about the moon in their masterpieces. Ouyang Zhan in the Tang Dynasty said in the preface to the poem "Playing with the Moon": "The moon can be played, playing with the moon is ancient. Xie Fu Bao Shi, in front of the pavilion, in the bright building, all play with the moon ... "The legend of Tang Ming Emperor visiting the Moon Palace on the Mid-Autumn Festival night and watching the fairy dance" is the epitome of the custom of playing with the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival of the Tang Dynasty. At that time, playing with the moon was also very common among the people. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, in order to enjoy the bright moon, the rich build their own colorful buildings, and the poor gather in restaurants. Good tourists climb to the top of the mountain or go boating on the water. Scholars write poems, artists talk about the past, drink and sing songs for entertainment, and often stay up all night and enjoy the moon. In the Song Dynasty, a Mid-Autumn Festival centered on the activities of appreciating the moon was formed and officially designated as the Mid-Autumn Festival. Wu Zimu in the Southern Song Dynasty once described the scene of playing with the moon in Hangzhou at that time in Dream Liang Lu: "Wang Suns son, a rich family, has to climb a dangerous building and play with the moon on the porch." Or open a wide pavilion, feast and list, harp and harp sonorous, drink and sing, to predict the joy of the evening. Even if its a house with a mat, its also a small platform to arrange family dinners and group children to reward the festival. Although the poor people in the mean streets are poor, they are reluctant to waste their time. This night, the street sells and buys until the five drums, playing with tourists on the moon, dancing in the city, and never stopping. " Appreciating the moon was the main custom of Mid-Autumn Festival in Tang and Song Dynasties, and it declined after Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to ancient literature, when the Mid-Autumn Festival was just formed, enjoying the moon was a matter for literati and citizens, but the activities of farmers enjoying the moon were not recorded. In modern times, there are various ways to enjoy the moon in Mid-Autumn Festival. In addition to the traditional moon-watching postures such as climbing high and boating, there are also new ways to enjoy the moon, such as ferris wheel, flying, camping and live broadcast.
After the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, the still-to-be-finished moon-watching performance was "Chasing the Moon". The so-called "chasing the moon" means inviting friends and relatives to continue to enjoy the moon on the night after the Mid-Autumn Festival. According to the preface of Lingnan Miscellaneous Notes by Chen Zihou, a Qing dynasty, "Good people in central Guangdong gather in Izayoi in August to treat wine and dishes and enjoy the moon, which is called chasing the moon."
appreciate the moon during the Mid-Autumn Festival
celebrate a bumper harvest
Mid-August is the harvest season, when new grain is put into storage and melons and fruits are on the market. It is natural to worship God with these new grain and fruits as offerings in the past. Thank the gods for their gifts and pray for agoodharvest in the coming year. After the custom of worship of gods weakened and even disappeared, the connotation of this custom evolved into celebrating the harvest. At least in many rural areas, people must prepare rich meals on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival, eat enough, and prepare a lot of fresh melons and fruits for their families to eat enough, which means celebrating after the harvest. In the past, the Mid-Autumn Festival in Qingyun rural area of Shandong Province was dedicated to the earth valley, which was called "Young Miao Society". Qingcheng rural areas also have the custom of resigning from crops first. Farmers in Taiwan Province also worship the landowner in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and "the landowners crutch" in the field. This crutch is to put "the landowners gold" in bamboo, that is, paper money for the landowner.
Game entertainment
Based on the Mid-Autumn Festival customs in various places, there are a variety of games and entertainment activities, such as walking on the moon, visiting night markets, garden parties, setting off fireworks, burning pagoda lights, setting off Kongming lanterns, watching lantern festivals, solve riddles on the lanterns, swinging, dragon dancing, cake-making, playing with rabbits, singing the moon, watching flower exhibitions and performing arts. Different from reunion and eating moon cakes in their respective families, most of them are activities in public places, which is also an essential part of large-scale festivals, rendering the festive atmosphere of the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is both lively and powerful.
Solve riddles on the lanterns: There are many lanterns hanging in public places on the Mid-Autumn Festival full moon night. People gather together to guess the riddles written on the lanterns. Because they are the favorite activities of most young men and women, love stories are also heard in these activities. Therefore, the Mid-Autumn Festival solve riddles on the lanterns is also derived from a form of love between men and women.
solve lantern riddles; guess riddles on hanging lanterns
Playing with lanterns: There is no large lantern festival like Lantern Festival in Mid-Autumn Festival, and playing with lanterns is mainly between families and children. As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, in the Old Wulin Story, it was recorded that the Mid-Autumn Festival was a custom, and there was an activity of "putting a little red lamp into the river to drift and play". Playing lanterns in the Mid-Autumn Festival is mostly concentrated in the south. For example, at the autumn festival in Foshan, there are all kinds of colored lights: sesame lights, eggshell lights, wood shavings lights, straw lights, fish scales lights, chaff lights, melon seeds lights, birds, animals, flowers and trees lights, etc.
Mid-autumn lantern
Enjoy osmanthus and drink osmanthus wine: people often eat moon cakes to enjoy osmanthus in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and eat all kinds of foods made of osmanthus, among which cakes and sweets are the most common. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the osmanthus in the middle of the month, smelling the Gui Xiang, drinking a cup of osmanthus wine and celebrating the sweetness of the family have become a beautiful enjoyment of the festival. In modern times, people mostly take red wine instead.
節(jié)日民俗
月餅，又叫月團(tuán)、豐收餅、宮餅、團(tuán)圓餅等，是古代中秋祭拜月神的貢品。月餅最初是用來祭奉月神的供品，后來人們逐漸把中秋賞月與品嘗月餅，作為家人團(tuán)圓的一大象征。月餅象征著大團(tuán)圓，人們把它當(dāng)作節(jié)日食品，用它祭月、贈(zèng)送親友。從歷史上看，吃月餅并不是中秋節(jié)不可缺少的活動(dòng)，唐宋時(shí)期就沒有專門為中秋而制作的月餅可吃。但自明朝出現(xiàn)中秋月餅之后，它就成為中秋習(xí)俗的必要組成部分。最初的月餅，起源于唐朝軍隊(duì)祝捷食品。唐高祖年間，大將軍李靖征討突厥靠月餅隱蔽的傳話得勝，八月十五日凱旋，此后，吃月餅成為每年的習(xí)俗。宋代的文學(xué)家周密，在記敘南宋都城臨安見聞的《武林舊事》中首次提到“月餅”之名稱。明代，中秋吃月餅在民間逐漸流傳。當(dāng)時(shí)心靈手巧的餅師，把嫦娥奔月的神話故事作為食品藝術(shù)圖案印在月餅上，使月餅成為更受人民青睞的中秋佳節(jié)的必備食品。發(fā)展至今，吃月餅已經(jīng)是中國(guó)南北各地過中秋節(jié)的必備習(xí)俗，中秋節(jié)這天人們都要吃月餅以示“團(tuán)圓”。
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日有貴人倫、重親情的特點(diǎn)，過節(jié)以親人團(tuán)聚、人丁興旺為福。其中又有兩個(gè)節(jié)日在強(qiáng)調(diào)親人團(tuán)聚方面更加突出，一個(gè)是春節(jié)，一個(gè)是中秋節(jié)。自唐朝中秋節(jié)產(chǎn)生的時(shí)代起，就將月圓與人間團(tuán)圓聯(lián)系起來。隨著時(shí)代的變遷，人間團(tuán)圓的主題越來越突出、重要。這一主題是跟中秋節(jié)源于月圓密切相關(guān)的，可以看作中秋節(jié)的一個(gè)特色，而且由于跟明月聯(lián)系起來而富于詩(shī)意。民間如果這天有兒女在外，不能回家團(tuán)圓，家長(zhǎng)和兒女雙方都會(huì)覺得特別遺憾。現(xiàn)代社會(huì)人們與親人團(tuán)圓難以如愿時(shí)，也多會(huì)打回電話或書信問候。過去除了家人團(tuán)聚，朋友也有聚會(huì)賞月、交流詩(shī)文等習(xí)俗。
互送禮品
從明代開始，就有了中秋節(jié)互送月餅、瓜果的活動(dòng)�，F(xiàn)在，這種習(xí)俗更加盛行，并演變?yōu)闆]有局限性的，以節(jié)日的名義互送禮物�；ニ投Y品是一種美俗，它體現(xiàn)的是人與人之間的互相關(guān)心、互相尊重、敬老愛幼等美好心意和優(yōu)良品德，也是密切人際關(guān)系、表達(dá)內(nèi)心情感的重要方式。
普遍習(xí)俗
賞月（玩月）
民間中秋賞月活動(dòng)約始魏晉時(shí)期，但未成習(xí)。中秋賞月風(fēng)俗正式形成于唐代。唐代，中秋賞月、玩月頗為盛行，許多詩(shī)人的名篇中都有詠月的詩(shī)句。唐代歐陽(yáng)詹在《玩月》詩(shī)序中說：“月可玩，玩月，古也。謝賦鮑詩(shī)，朓之亭前，亮之樓中，皆玩月也……”《唐逸史》等書中記載的唐明皇中秋之夜游覽月宮、觀看仙女跳“霓裳羽衣舞”的傳說，就是唐朝宮廷中秋玩月習(xí)俗的縮影。當(dāng)時(shí)在民間，玩月也很普遍。中秋之夜，為賞玩明月，富者多自搭彩樓，貧者多集于酒樓，好游者或登高于山頂，或泛舟于水上，文人賦詩(shī)，藝人說古，飲酒歡歌，唱酬娛樂，往往通宵達(dá)旦，極盡玩月之歡。宋代，形成了以賞月活動(dòng)為中心的中秋民俗節(jié)日，正式定為中秋節(jié)。南宋吳自牧在《夢(mèng)粱錄》中曾這樣描繪當(dāng)時(shí)杭州城中的玩月情景：“王孫公子，富家巨室，莫不登危樓，臨軒玩月�；蜷_廣榭，玳筵羅列，琴瑟鏗鏘，酌酒高歌，以卜竟夕之歡。至如鋪席之家，亦登小小月臺(tái)，安排家宴，團(tuán)圞子女，以酬佳節(jié)。雖陋巷貧窶之人，解衣市酒，勉強(qiáng)迎歡，不肯虛度。此夜天街賣買，直至五鼓，玩月游人，婆娑于市，至?xí)圆唤^�！辟p月在唐宋時(shí)期是中秋節(jié)的主要習(xí)俗，明清以后此習(xí)俗衰退。從古代文獻(xiàn)來看，中秋節(jié)剛形成的時(shí)候，賞月就是文人和市民的事情，農(nóng)民賞月的活動(dòng)沒見記載。現(xiàn)代，中秋賞月方式多樣化，除登高望月、泛舟賞月等傳統(tǒng)的賞月姿勢(shì)外，又誕生了摩天輪賞月、坐飛機(jī)賞月、露營(yíng)賞月、直播賞月等賞月新方式。
過了農(nóng)歷八月十五，興猶未盡的賞月演為“追月”。所謂“追月”，即是于中秋節(jié)次日的晚上，邀約親朋好友，繼續(xù)賞月。據(jù)清人陳子厚《嶺南雜事鈔》序云：“粵中好事者，于八月十六夜，集親朋治酒肴賞月，謂之追月�！�
中秋賞月
慶豐收
八月中旬正是豐收的季節(jié)，新糧進(jìn)倉(cāng)，瓜果上市，過去用這些新糧新果作供品敬神是很自然的事，感謝神靈的恩賜，祈禱來年好收成。在神靈崇拜習(xí)俗衰弱以至消失之后，這個(gè)習(xí)俗的內(nèi)涵演變?yōu)閼c祝豐收。至少在許多鄉(xiāng)村，人們?cè)谥星锕?jié)的夜晚一定要準(zhǔn)備豐盛的飯菜，吃得很飽，準(zhǔn)備很多新鮮的瓜果讓家里人吃個(gè)夠，有豐收后縱情歡慶的意思。山東慶云農(nóng)村過去中秋節(jié)要祭土谷，叫做“青苗社”；青城農(nóng)村還有辭先稼的習(xí)俗。臺(tái)灣農(nóng)民也在中秋節(jié)祭拜土地公，并在田間插“土地公拐杖”，這種拐杖就是在竹子里夾上“土地公金”即給土地公的紙錢。
游戲娛樂
綜合各地的中秋節(jié)俗，游戲娛樂的活動(dòng)豐富多彩，可謂五花八門，如走月亮、逛夜市、游園會(huì)、放煙花、燃寶塔燈、放孔明燈、看燈會(huì)、猜燈謎、蕩秋千、舞龍、會(huì)餅、玩兔爺、歌會(huì)（唱月亮）、看花展、文藝演出等。與在各自家庭里的團(tuán)聚、吃月餅不同，它們大都是在公共場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)，這也是大型節(jié)日的必要組成部分，渲染了中秋節(jié)的節(jié)日氛圍，既熱鬧又很有聲勢(shì)。
猜燈謎：中秋月圓夜在公共場(chǎng)所掛著許多燈籠，人們都聚集在一起，猜燈籠身上寫的謎語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槭谴蠖鄶?shù)年輕男女喜愛的活動(dòng)，同時(shí)在這些活動(dòng)上也傳出愛情佳話，因此中秋猜燈謎也被衍生了一種男女相戀的形式。
猜燈謎
玩花燈：中秋沒有像元宵節(jié)那樣的大型燈會(huì)，玩燈主要只是在家庭、兒童之間進(jìn)行的。早在北宋《武林舊事》中，記載中秋夜節(jié)俗，就有‘將“一點(diǎn)紅”燈放入江中漂流玩耍的活動(dòng)。中秋玩花燈，多集中在南方。如佛山秋色會(huì)上，就有各種各式的彩燈：芝麻燈、蛋殼燈、刨花燈、稻草燈、魚鱗燈、谷殼燈、瓜籽燈及鳥獸花樹燈等。
中秋花燈
賞桂花、飲桂花酒：人們經(jīng)常在中秋時(shí)吃月餅賞桂花，食用桂花制作的各種食品，以糕點(diǎn)、糖果最為多見。中秋之夜，仰望著月中丹桂，聞著陣陣桂香，喝一杯桂花蜜酒，歡慶合家甜甜蜜蜜，已成為節(jié)日一種美的享受。到了現(xiàn)代，人們多是拿紅酒代替。
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