商務(wù)英語(yǔ)合同翻譯

　　篇一：合同保證、不可抗力、其他條款等英文翻譯,僅供參考

　　Article 13 Warranties

　　The Seller hereby guarantee that unless the contract stipulates otherwise, the product shall fully conform to product specifications within the 12-month quality assurance date from the installation debugging acceptance of the machines (hereafter referred to as ‘quality guarantee period’),but the premise is that the Buyer uses the machines under normal operations in accordance with guidance of the Seller or instructions provided for the Buyer by the Seller and maintains the machines well.

　　Article 14 The Seller’s liabilities

　　In allusion to claims incurred by the contract, tort, intellectual property rights or other torts of related goods in this contract or otherwise of the contract, the Seller and any affiliated companies or officers, principals, employees, agents, sub-contractors, successors or assignees thereof shall be fully liable for damages or claimed damages borne by agents, officers, principals, representatives or employers of the Buyer. If administration authorities or judicial authorities identify the equipment as infringing goods, the Seller shall be liable for corresponding torts. Besides, the Seller shall pay back the contract price of the infringing goods, and afford the direct and indirect losses which caused by the delay of production and sales due to the stopping of contract machines and by liabilities of breaching the Buyer’s contract with its buyers on this kind of goods.

　　Article 15 Force Majeure

　　The party affected by incidents shall telex the other party as soon as possible after force majeure incidents and airmail certificate documents issued by related departments within 15 workdays after the incidents to the other party. If force majeure incidents last for more than 30 workdays, both parties shall reach an agreement for further performance of the contract in reasonable time or terminate the performance of the contract through friendly negotiation, and all money or goods already paid or delivered shall be returned. Force majeure only includes earthquakes of higher than magnitude 6, wind of higher than magnitude 9, tsunami and the failure to delivery on schedule caused by specific administrative acts performed by the government according to administrative laws and regulations and other normative documents.

　　Article 16 Arbitration

　　All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiations. If no settlement can be reached, the case shall then be submitted to the arbitrary institution in the place where the party proposing arbitration resides in accordance with China laws and legal procedures. The award rendered by arbitrary institution shall be final and binding on both parties. Arbitration expenses comprise expenses paid to arbitrators shall be assumed by the unsuccessful party. The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party, including arbitrators fee.

　　Article 17 Transfer

　　Without prior written approval and permission, neither Party under this Contract shall not transfer the contract or any relevant interests.

　　Article 18 Termination

　　Any Party shall have the right to terminate the contract unconditionally by issuing written notices

　　to the other Party in case of following conditions:

　　a. The other party of the contract is insolvent or bankrupt, compulsive or voluntary;

　　b. The other party of the contract transfers all or most part of his assets or stops businesses;

　　c. The other party of the contract is subjected to bankruptcy liquidation, organizational structure change or mergers and acquisitions by other companies (except mergers and acquisitions or integration by parent companies, subsidiary companies or affiliated companies).

　　Article 19 Notice

　　Referred to any notice of this Contract from either Party, the notifier shall send it in written form, while the recipient shall conform the notice in written form and send it to the specific address. Article 20 Non-disclosure Agreement

　　The Recipient shall treat all information provided from the Discloser as Confidential Information to keep secret. For the purpose, the Recipient shall execute the confidentiality contract through any forms or contents accepted by the Discloser.

　　Article 21 Validity

　　21.1 The contract shall come into force upon the signature and stamp by the authorized representatives of both parties. The effective date mentions the final signature date.The date of delivery refers to the date when the advance payment is delivered to the seller account.

　　21.2 During the execution of the contract, all documents (including bidding documents, minutes of meetings, supplemental agreements, correspondences, E-mails and faxes) confirmed through signatures of the Buyer and the Seller become effective components of the contract and have the same legal force with the contract.

　　篇二：英文合同中不可抗力條款的約定

　　英文合同中不可抗力條款的約定

　　一、什么是不可抗力條款（Force Majeure Clause）

　　合同一經(jīng)制定，合約雙方都希望能夠按照合同規(guī)定順利履行合同。但是有時(shí)因情勢(shì)變更，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些出乎當(dāng)事人意料的事情發(fā)生，而導(dǎo)致當(dāng)事人無(wú)法履行合同。這種由于當(dāng)事人所不能控制的事故而導(dǎo)致合同不能履行的，即是不可抗力（Force Majeure），合同中關(guān)于這一事項(xiàng)的約定的條款就是不可抗力條款（Force Majeure Clause）[①]。該條款實(shí)際上也是一項(xiàng)免責(zé)條款。在合同簽訂后，不是由于當(dāng)事人的過(guò)失或疏忽，而是由于發(fā)生了當(dāng)事人所不能預(yù)見(jiàn)的、無(wú)法避免和無(wú)法預(yù)防的意外事故，以致不能履行或不能如期履行合同，遭受意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的責(zé)任或可以延期履行合同，另一方無(wú)權(quán)要求損害賠償。 “Force Majeure”一詞來(lái)自于《法國(guó)民法典》第1148條，英文譯為：“There is no occasion for damages where, in consequence of force majure or accident the debtor has been prevented from conveying or doing that to which he has obliged or has done what he was debarred from doing.”[②]《牛津法律詞典》是這樣解釋的：“Irresistible

　　compulsion or coercion. The phrase is used particularly in commercial contracts to describe events possibly affecting the contract and that are completely outside the parties’ control. Such events are normally listed in full to ensure their

　　enforceability; their may be include *acts of God, fires, failure of suppliers or subcontractors to supply the suppliers under the agreement, and strikes and other labour disputes that interfere with the suppliers’ performance of an agreement. An express clause would normally excuse both delay and a total failure to perform the agreement.”[③]

　　二、不可抗力條款的基本內(nèi)容

　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不可抗力條款中應(yīng)當(dāng)包括以下幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：

　　1. 不可抗力發(fā)生的原因（種類）；

　　2. 不可抗力發(fā)生后通知對(duì)方的期限、通知的方法以及應(yīng)當(dāng)提交的證明文件；

　　3. 不可抗力發(fā)生的免責(zé)事項(xiàng)及善后處理事項(xiàng)。

　�。ㄒ唬┎豢煽沽Πl(fā)生的原因（種類）

　　對(duì)于不可抗力條款，約定的越詳細(xì)越好，有些合同，為了省事，往往只是籠統(tǒng)地規(guī)定“This contract is subject to force majeure clause”(合同根據(jù)不可抗力條款訂定)，這是相當(dāng)粗糙的。因?yàn)閷?duì)于什么是“不可抗力”，哪些情況屬于不可抗力，不同的人理解是不一樣的，有些情況對(duì)于處于不同法律地位的當(dāng)事人來(lái)說(shuō)，并不認(rèn)為是不可抗力，所以不可抗力發(fā)生后，一旦有糾紛就會(huì)無(wú)所適從。

　　并非所有的意外事故都可以視為不可抗力而免除當(dāng)事人的履行合同的義務(wù)，所以對(duì)于哪些事故足以構(gòu)成不可抗力，從而免除當(dāng)事人履行合同的義務(wù)，自然而然地就有必要加以明確的約

　　定，以免發(fā)生紛歧爭(zhēng)執(zhí)；那么在不可抗力條款中，應(yīng)當(dāng)不厭其煩地一項(xiàng)一項(xiàng)的羅列出來(lái)。一般而言，下列事項(xiàng)可以構(gòu)成不可抗力：

　　⑴ strikes(罷工)；

　�、� lockouts(停工);

　　⑶ Acts of God, such as floods, lightning, cyclone, hurricane, and other storms（天災(zāi)如水災(zāi)、閃電、颶風(fēng)及風(fēng)暴）;

　　⑷ threat or existence of war, blockade, embargoes or regulations of any governmental authority（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或者戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的威脅、封港、禁運(yùn)、政府管制）;

　�、� other events beyond the control of the parties（其他非人力所能控制的事件）; ⑹ plague, pestilence, disease, epidemics（疫情、瘟疫、傳染病）;

　　⑺ civil commotions, governmental interference（騷亂、政府干涉）;

　　⑻ shortage of raw materials or other supplies（原料短缺）;

　�、� fires, explosions, destruction or damage to seller’s plant or machinery（賣方工廠或生產(chǎn)設(shè)備遭受火災(zāi)、爆炸、破壞或者損壞）;

　　⑽ shortage of transportation or inability to obtain freight space（無(wú)運(yùn)輸工具或者艙位）;

　�、� other labor troubles or disturbances（其他工人騷擾）;

　　其中有些事項(xiàng)是要有約定，才可以做為不可抗力，比如⑻--⑾，還有機(jī)器停頓故障、財(cái)政來(lái)源不足、成本上高漲、第三者的不履行導(dǎo)致的；另外如果是國(guó)有企業(yè)做為合同的一方，還應(yīng)當(dāng)注意一些事項(xiàng)，比如政府干預(yù)、無(wú)法獲得出口證、進(jìn)口證書或者其他涉及到政府的事項(xiàng)，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)是公有制國(guó)家，外方一般不將國(guó)有企業(yè)無(wú)法獲得相當(dāng)政府文件作為不可抗力。

　�。ǘ�）不可抗力的通知

　　“Force Majeure”條文要規(guī)定由于發(fā)生不可抗力而無(wú)法履行合同義務(wù)的一方在特定的期限內(nèi)向?qū)Ψ酵ㄖ�。因�(yàn)椴豢煽沽κ录�一旦發(fā)生，導(dǎo)致一方當(dāng)事人無(wú)法履行合同時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡快通知對(duì)方當(dāng)事人，如果不及時(shí)通知對(duì)方，置之不理，導(dǎo)致對(duì)方遭受更大損失時(shí)，仍然不能完全免除其責(zé)任。如這樣約定：

　　In the event of any such causes arising, the party affected shall give prompt notice to the other party of the cause

　　因?yàn)椴豢煽沽κ录�的發(fā)生，而導(dǎo)致合同不能按約履行時(shí)，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)迅速通知對(duì)方當(dāng)事人外，必要時(shí)還得向?qū)Ψ教峁┳C明文件。這些證明文件通常有以下幾種：

　�。�1）當(dāng)?shù)厣虝?huì)或者工會(huì)出具的證明；

　�。�2）對(duì)方國(guó)家駐當(dāng)事人所在地領(lǐng)事館出具的證明；

　　（3）關(guān)于該不可抗力事件新聞報(bào)道；

　　（4）其他有證明力的證明。

　　如這樣約定：

　　In the event of any such cause arising, documents proving their occurrence or existence shall be submitted by the party to the other party without delay.

　�。ㄈ�）不可抗力發(fā)生后的處理

　　因?yàn)椴豢煽沽Πl(fā)生后，導(dǎo)致合同不能順利履行時(shí)，是否就即免除當(dāng)事人的違約責(zé)任呢？或者是推遲合同的履行期限呢？能否替代履行呢？這些都與當(dāng)事人雙方的利益密切相關(guān)，所以在簽訂合同時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)充分考慮，比如在國(guó)際貨物買賣中可以做如下的約定：

　　The contract is automatically cancelled as to any unshipped portion in the event that force majeure clause becomes operative.

　　這樣規(guī)定，如果發(fā)生了不可抗力事件，對(duì)于未裝船的貨賣方不能也沒(méi)有責(zé)任再去裝船，同時(shí)買方也無(wú)權(quán)要求賣方承擔(dān)損害賠償。在這種條款下，如果賣方還沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)、備貨，解除合同，對(duì)他就不會(huì)有什么影響，但是如果貨物已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了，只是因一時(shí)的不可抗力，就解除合同，就難免要遭受損失。所以有些買賣合同中的不可抗力條款進(jìn)一步規(guī)定：“如果因?yàn)橐馔馐录�影響，不能按期裝運(yùn)時(shí)，買方同意將裝運(yùn)期限順延一百天；期滿后，如還是不能裝運(yùn)時(shí)，買方有權(quán)解除合同�！碑�(dāng)然順延的期限不能漫無(wú)限制，否則買方將會(huì)處于被動(dòng)之情境。

　　一般情況下，為了顧及公平合理，一方面賦予一方當(dāng)事人合理的延長(zhǎng)期限，以便其有履行合同的機(jī)會(huì)，延長(zhǎng)期滿后，另外一方當(dāng)事人可以解除合同，以免處于久懸未決的狀態(tài)。對(duì)此，《華沙—牛津規(guī)則》有這樣的規(guī)定：

　　The seller shall not be responsible for delay or failure to ship the goods contracted to be sold or any part thereof or to deliver such goods, or any part thereof into the custody of the carrier, as the case may be, arising from force majeure, or from any extraordinary causes, accidents or hindrances of what kind soever or wheresoever or the consequences thereof which it was impossible in the circumstances for the seller to have foreseen or averted. In the event of any of the said causes, accidents or hindrances preventing, hindering or impeding the production, the manufacture, the delivery to the seller, or the shipment of the goods contracted to be sold or any part thereof or the chartering of any vessel or part of vessel, notice thereof shall be given to the buyer by the seller, and on such notice being given the time

　　for shipment or delivery into the custody of the carrier, as the case may be, shall be extended until the operation of the cause, accident or hindrance preventing, hindering or impeding the production, the manufacture, the delivery to the seller or the shipment of the said goods or any part thereof or the chartering of any vessel or part of vessel has ceased. But if any of these causes, accidents or hindrances continues for more than fourteen days from the time or from the expiration of the period if any, specified in the contract of sale for the shipment of the goods or their delivery into the custody of the carrier, as the case may be, or if no such time or period has been specified in the contract then from the expiration of the reasonable time contemplated in Rule 3, the whole contract of sale or such part thereof as shall remain to be fulfilled by the seller may, at the option of either party, be determined, such option shall be exercised and notice to that effect shall be given by either party to the other party at any time during the seven days next succeeding the period of fourteen days hereinbefore mentioned but not thereafter. And on such notice being given neither party shall have any claim against the other party in respect of such determination.

　�。ㄓ捎诓豢煽沽Α⑷魏翁厥庠�因、事故，或者由于不論何種或何處發(fā)生的阻礙，或由此而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，為當(dāng)時(shí)賣方所不能預(yù)見(jiàn)或避免，以致賣方延遲或未能裝運(yùn)全部或部分訂售貨物或者延遲或未能將全部或部分訂售貨物，交給承運(yùn)人保管，賣方對(duì)此將不負(fù)責(zé)任。

　　如果上述原因、事故或障礙，阻止、妨礙或耽誤了全部或部分訂售貨物的生產(chǎn)、制造、交給賣方或裝船，或者全部或部分船只的租賃，賣方應(yīng)將有關(guān)情況通知買方，此項(xiàng)通知一經(jīng)發(fā)出，裝船時(shí)間或交給承運(yùn)人保管的時(shí)間應(yīng)展延到上述原因、事故或障礙解除時(shí)為止。但是上述那些原因、事故或障礙，如延續(xù)超過(guò)買賣合同規(guī)定的裝船或交給承運(yùn)人保管的日期或截止期限十四天（如果合同沒(méi)有規(guī)定此項(xiàng)裝船或交給承運(yùn)人保管的日期或截止期限，則按第三條規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)合理的期限截止時(shí)計(jì)算），全部或部分合同是否仍由賣方履行，可由買賣當(dāng)事人的任何一方選擇決定，對(duì)此，任何一方都可在上述十四天后的七天內(nèi)進(jìn)行抉擇并通知對(duì)方。此項(xiàng)通知發(fā)出后，任何一方將無(wú)權(quán)由于此項(xiàng)抉擇而對(duì)另一方提出索賠要求。）

　　三、不可抗力條款的實(shí)例

　　1. THE ICC MODEL INTERNATIONAL SALE CONTRACT (Manufactured Goods Intended for Resale)（國(guó)際商會(huì)《國(guó)際貨物銷售合同范本》（僅用于旨在轉(zhuǎn)售的制成品）） 第13款：

　　Art.13 Force majeure

　　13.1 A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations in SO far as he proves．

　　(a)that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control．a(chǎn)nd

　　(b)that he could not reasonable be expected to have taken the impediment and its effects upon his ability to perform into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract，and

　　(c) that he could not reasonably have avoided or overcome it or its effects．13.2 A party seeking relief shall．a(chǎn)s soon as practicable after the impediment and its effects upon his ability to perform become known to him，give notice to the other party of such impediment and its effects on his ability to perform．Notice shall also be given when the ground of relief ceases．

　　Failure to give either notice makes the party thus fmling liable in damages for loss which otherwise could have been avoided．

　　13.3 Without prejudice to article 10.2．a(chǎn) ground of relief under this clause relieves the party failing to perform from liability in damages，from penalties and other contractual sanctions，form the duty to pay interest on money owing as long aS and to the extent that the ground subsists．

　　13.4 If the grounds of relief subsist for more than six months．either party shall be entitled to terminate the contract without notice．

　�。ǖ�13條 不可抗力

　　13．1一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)其未履行義務(wù)可不負(fù)責(zé)任，如果他能證明：

　　(a)不能履行義務(wù)是由非他所能控制的障礙所致，及

　　(b)在訂立合同時(shí)，不能合理預(yù)見(jiàn)到他已把這一障礙及其對(duì)他履約的能力產(chǎn)生影響考慮在內(nèi)，以及

　　(C)他不能合理地避免或克服該障礙或其影響。

　　13．2請(qǐng)求免責(zé)的一方當(dāng)事人，在他知道了此項(xiàng)障礙及其對(duì)他履約能力的影響之后，應(yīng)以實(shí)際可能的速度盡快通知另一方當(dāng)事人此項(xiàng)障礙及其對(duì)他履約能力的影響。當(dāng)免責(zé)的原因消除時(shí)也應(yīng)發(fā)出通知。

　　如果未能發(fā)出任一通知，則該當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承擔(dān)其原可避免的損失賠償責(zé)任。

　　13．3在不影響第10．2條效力的前提下，本款下的免責(zé)理由，只要且僅在此限度內(nèi)該免責(zé)事由繼續(xù)存在，可使未履約方得以免除損害賠償之責(zé)任，免除處罰及其他約定的罰金，免除所欠款項(xiàng)利息支付之責(zé)任。

　　13．4若免責(zé)的`原因持續(xù)存在6個(gè)月以上，任何一方均有權(quán)不經(jīng)過(guò)通知對(duì)方即可終止合同。）

　　篇三：中英商務(wù)合同翻譯中的障礙分析及策略,作者：施僑

　　中英商務(wù)合同翻譯中的障礙分析及應(yīng)對(duì)策

　　略

　　【摘要】隨著中外經(jīng)貿(mào)合作關(guān)系日益加強(qiáng)，商務(wù)活動(dòng)也趨于白熱化，而商務(wù)合同作為開(kāi)展商務(wù)活動(dòng)的依據(jù)與準(zhǔn)則，其文本扮演著尤為重要的角色，這就對(duì)商務(wù)合同翻譯提出了極高的要求。本文從中英文商務(wù)合同的基本特征出發(fā)，從語(yǔ)言、文化、商務(wù)背景等三個(gè)方面分析了中英商務(wù)合同翻譯中可能存在的障礙，并探討了相應(yīng)的處理方法。

　　【關(guān)鍵詞】商務(wù)合同，基本特征， 翻譯障礙，應(yīng)對(duì)策略

　　0 引言

　　商務(wù)合同的根本目的在于從法律意義上建立合同語(yǔ)言的權(quán)威，從而保障合同參與方的權(quán)利與利益，商務(wù)合同翻譯因而具有非同尋常的意義，其質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也是極其嚴(yán)格，要求……（補(bǔ)充商務(wù)合同翻譯的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。本文從英漢商務(wù)合同基本特征的異同出發(fā)，嘗試分析英漢商務(wù)合同翻譯中可能存在的障礙，并提出相應(yīng)的對(duì)策。

　　1 中英商務(wù)合同基本特征比較

　　1.1 中英商務(wù)合同的共同特征

　　（補(bǔ)充一兩句話過(guò)渡。）

　　1.1.1 法律效力

　　合同是平等主題自然人、法人和其他組織所實(shí)施的一種民事法律行為，以設(shè)立、變更或終止民事權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系為目的和宗旨。因而，無(wú)論語(yǔ)言背景如何不同，合同均具有法律效力，中英文商務(wù)合同亦不例外。

　　1.1.2 文體風(fēng)格

　　從文體風(fēng)格來(lái)看，中英商務(wù)合同的語(yǔ)言均具有正式、嚴(yán)密、規(guī)范等特征，體現(xiàn)在措詞上，兩者均選用最經(jīng)濟(jì)、最有效的文字。此外，兩類合同均傾向于選用“大詞”，即不帶有個(gè)人感情色彩的正式詞語(yǔ)。如“乙方因施工質(zhì)量的原因?qū)е聵I(yè)主退房、補(bǔ)償?shù)热�部�?zé)任、費(fèi)用及甲方的損失均由乙方承擔(dān)�！边@里表示原因的詞用“因”而不用“因?yàn)椤�，則是因?yàn)椤耙驗(yàn)椤币辉~稍顯口語(yǔ)化；又如：The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of adding or transit.這里“因?yàn)椤币辉~用due to，而不用owing to或because of，是因?yàn)閎ecause of口語(yǔ)化較重，而owing to則含感情色彩。

　　1.1.3 術(shù)語(yǔ)運(yùn)用

　　（補(bǔ)充一兩句話簡(jiǎn)要介紹為何使用術(shù)語(yǔ)）中英文商務(wù)合同均常使用專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。如不可抗力（force majeure）、裝箱單（packing list）、保險(xiǎn)范圍（insurance coverage）、保單（insurance policy）、通貨膨脹（inflation）、偷稅人（tax dodger）、復(fù)利（compound interest）等。合同還常使用法律術(shù)語(yǔ)，如違約（breach）、重大過(guò)失（gross negligence）、故意行為（willful conduct）等。

　　1.1.4 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞運(yùn)用

　　為彰顯商務(wù)合同的效力，合同文本中常出現(xiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如應(yīng)當(dāng)（shall），可（could）等。（補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明為何使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。）

　　1.1.5模糊詞運(yùn)用

　�。ㄑa(bǔ)充說(shuō)明什么是模糊詞以及合同中為何使用模糊詞）中英商務(wù)合同中都使用模糊詞從側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了商務(wù)合同的適應(yīng)性，如漢語(yǔ)里的“材料優(yōu)質(zhì)”、“環(huán)境惡劣”等英語(yǔ)里的within reasonable a time（在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)），serious dereliction（嚴(yán)重失職）等詞。

　　1.2 中英商務(wù)合同的不同特征

　�。ㄑa(bǔ)充一兩句話過(guò)渡。）

　　1.2.1 同義詞連用

　　英語(yǔ)商務(wù)合同里常用同義詞連用，而漢語(yǔ)商務(wù)合同則是同詞性詞的并列使

　　用。(補(bǔ)充原因)如英語(yǔ)中的by and between、null and void、made and enter into等，漢語(yǔ)中的“乙方因施工質(zhì)量的原因?qū)е聵I(yè)主退房、補(bǔ)償?shù)热�部�?zé)任，費(fèi)用及甲方的損失均由乙方承擔(dān)”，“ 甲方歇業(yè)、停業(yè)、瀕臨破產(chǎn)處于法定整頓期間或者生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況發(fā)生嚴(yán)重困難的”。（補(bǔ)充簡(jiǎn)要分析。）

　　1.2.2 古文風(fēng)格

　　英語(yǔ)商務(wù)合同中運(yùn)用古文如force majeure(不可抗力)、insurance premium per capita(人均保險(xiǎn)費(fèi))、ad valorem duty(從價(jià)關(guān)稅)等，而漢語(yǔ)合同中則沒(méi)有。（補(bǔ)充原因，簡(jiǎn)要分析。）

　　1.2.3縮略語(yǔ)運(yùn)用

　　英語(yǔ)合同里使用縮略語(yǔ)如CIF（cost, insurance &freight）, FOB(free on board)，M/T(metric ton)，L/C(letter of credit),B/L(bill of lading)等，漢語(yǔ)合同里則不常見(jiàn)。（補(bǔ)充原因，簡(jiǎn)要分析。）

　　1.2.4復(fù)雜句型

　　在英語(yǔ)合同里，常使用復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句，如Distributor shall exert his best efforts with diligence in advertising and promoting throughout Territory in an effective manner on his own account and Supplier shall provide Distributor free of charge with a reasonable quantity of advertising or sales promotion material such as advertising literature, catalogues, leaflets and other material, which Supplier deems useful to Distributor in his activities under this Agreement.長(zhǎng)句里一般都含有各種語(yǔ)法成分，限定成分、分詞、分句、名詞化等語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象較多，邏輯嚴(yán)密。而漢語(yǔ)合同語(yǔ)言則短句使用較多，清晰明了，比如“雙方在簽訂本合同前，應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀本合同書。本合同一經(jīng)簽訂，即具有法律效力，雙方必須嚴(yán)格履行”。（補(bǔ)充原因，簡(jiǎn)要分析。）

　　1.2.5被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)運(yùn)用

　　英語(yǔ)商務(wù)合同語(yǔ)言常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而漢語(yǔ)合同則常使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如The L/C has been opened in your favor. 信用證已開(kāi)到你放名下。（補(bǔ)充原因，簡(jiǎn)要分析。）

　　2 中英商務(wù)合同翻譯中的障礙分析

　　2.1 商務(wù)背景下的障礙分析

　　商務(wù)合同規(guī)定屬于法律行為，合同屬于法律文本，法律語(yǔ)言并不具有獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)法體系，而是采用程式化的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，即有一套特定的法律語(yǔ)言體系。商務(wù)合同涉及的內(nèi)容并不僅僅是英漢文字翻譯，還涉及到金融、國(guó)貿(mào)、會(huì)計(jì)、保險(xiǎn)、稅收、運(yùn)輸、包裝等等專業(yè)知識(shí)，以及相關(guān)的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)與固定搭配。缺乏對(duì)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的理解會(huì)造成辭不達(dá)意，因而是合同翻譯的障礙之一。

　　就法律術(shù)語(yǔ)而言，方流芳的“飲水思源”的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為（標(biāo)注引用），外來(lái)語(yǔ)是中國(guó)法學(xué)的主要常用術(shù)語(yǔ)，他從法律語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展歷史及演變規(guī)律論證了這一觀點(diǎn)。在商務(wù)合同涉及的其他領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，或多或少也有外來(lái)語(yǔ)的因素，外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)語(yǔ)言的影響也直接增加了翻譯的困難度。

　　除了已有的外來(lái)語(yǔ)，隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展和新新事物的不斷涌現(xiàn)，合同中也出現(xiàn)了一些原本沒(méi)有的新詞，也會(huì)增加翻譯的負(fù)擔(dān)。比如網(wǎng)購(gòu)里常用的詞語(yǔ)“秒殺”翻譯成英語(yǔ)是“seckill”，是“second”和“kill”的組合；“刷信譽(yù)”譯為“refresh credit”；“包郵”譯為“free delivery”或者“post for free”，等等。

　　2.2 文化背景下的障礙分析

　　文化差異在商務(wù)合同翻譯中的影響主要表現(xiàn)在商品名的翻譯。一個(gè)好的商品再加上好的品牌名，那么它的銷售前景無(wú)疑一片光明。歷史上品牌名翻譯經(jīng)典之一coca cola（可口可樂(lè)），其直接影響是商品存活了一百多年延續(xù)至今，盛行全世界。再比如汽車品牌“東風(fēng)”翻譯成“zephyr”，東風(fēng)在我國(guó)火燒赤壁典故中是成功的關(guān)鍵，而zephyr在希臘神話里則是春天喚醒大自然的西風(fēng)，帶有希望之意。這就使其能夠被廣為接受，東風(fēng)汽車也成功地在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)立足。相反，如果商品名的翻譯讓外國(guó)人感覺(jué)不到其內(nèi)涵所在，那么即便商品質(zhì)量再好，在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上也不會(huì)有所發(fā)展。像中國(guó)的運(yùn)動(dòng)品牌李寧，翻譯成英文是NINING，在國(guó)外無(wú)法發(fā)展，原因就在于它與lying（撒謊）音似。一個(gè)品牌名如果沒(méi)有威信，就沒(méi)有消費(fèi)者愿意購(gòu)買。在翻譯商品名時(shí)，我們的一大障礙就在于是否考慮到譯文在目的語(yǔ)所具有的文化內(nèi)涵。

　　另外，在商務(wù)合同翻譯過(guò)程中，文化差異也對(duì)翻譯目的語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)有影響。在漢語(yǔ)里，合同語(yǔ)言通常是簡(jiǎn)練的，以短句為主，如“乙方解除本合同，應(yīng)當(dāng)提前三十日以書面形式通知甲方。但屬下列情形之一的，乙方可以隨時(shí)解除本合同”。如果直譯為英文，就會(huì)造成短句偏多或者重復(fù)啰嗦，表達(dá)出來(lái)的英語(yǔ)就不夠地道，因?yàn)橛⑽暮贤�語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣是使用長(zhǎng)句以避免重復(fù)。同理，英譯漢的時(shí)候也要考慮將英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句譯為有效的中式短句。

　　2.3 語(yǔ)言背景下的障礙分析

　　語(yǔ)言方面的障礙主要從三個(gè)方面來(lái)分析：語(yǔ)言習(xí)得、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力和雙語(yǔ)水平。

　　我們已經(jīng)有了語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)天賦，也學(xué)習(xí)了英語(yǔ)的基本語(yǔ)法，在學(xué)習(xí)商務(wù)合同翻譯的時(shí)候相比較母語(yǔ)習(xí)得，第二語(yǔ)言受社會(huì)交往因素的影響就不是很深刻了。如果社交因素匱乏，得不到強(qiáng)有力的補(bǔ)充，而母語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和思維方式又強(qiáng)于第二語(yǔ)言，那么在商務(wù)合同翻譯的時(shí)候母語(yǔ)的思維模式在一定程度上必定制約著二語(yǔ)習(xí)得，從而造成商務(wù)合同翻譯障礙。

　　語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力欠佳是合同翻譯的另外一個(gè)障礙。胡德良、孫紅艷的研究表明，（插入標(biāo)注）雖然寫作與翻譯的過(guò)程和目的不同，但是兩者均以閱讀為基礎(chǔ)，是語(yǔ)言組織能力、表達(dá)能力、行文能力的體現(xiàn)，是人在通過(guò)大腦思維加工的產(chǎn)品。寫作與翻譯相輔相成，善于寫作的人表達(dá)能力相對(duì)嚴(yán)密，有利于譯文的流暢性。寫作能力欠佳也是英漢商務(wù)合同翻譯中的障礙。

　　張薇的合作型對(duì)話中學(xué)習(xí)者語(yǔ)言水平與二語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)性研究表明，英語(yǔ)水平不同的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者在二語(yǔ)寫作時(shí)運(yùn)用母語(yǔ)思考的程度不同，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兇竽X里的語(yǔ)言片段的多少不一。如果說(shuō)英語(yǔ)水平越高，那么在翻譯的過(guò)程中，漢譯英的時(shí)候，頭腦里的語(yǔ)言片段越多，漢語(yǔ)思維對(duì)英語(yǔ)行文的束縛就越弱，英譯漢的時(shí)候遇到生詞或復(fù)雜的句子而無(wú)法翻譯的幾率就越小，翻譯就越順暢。所以在某種程度上講，雙語(yǔ)水平不高也是翻譯中的障礙。

　　3 中英商務(wù)合同翻譯障礙的應(yīng)對(duì)策略

　　3.1 小標(biāo)題

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