以語言運用為指向的語法教學(xué)四步驟探討論文
通過近五年對全國6個地區(qū)20所院校的73位老教授的深度訪談,在回顧和整理了新中國成立之初的30年中國外語教育所走過的艱辛而又卓有成效的歷程基礎(chǔ)上,得出結(jié)論:“學(xué)以致用”作為我國高校英語教學(xué)的一個重要和長期的目標,應(yīng)該繼續(xù)發(fā)揮其導(dǎo)向作用,并以其豐富的內(nèi)涵為制定我國不同層次的外語教學(xué)目標提供理據(jù)。
Larsen-Freeman(2005)認為,語法不僅是一種語言知識,更應(yīng)該看成是一種技能(Grammaring),是有意義的、動態(tài)的系統(tǒng)。她指出,語法具有三個維度,分別是形式、意義和用法。她解釋說,F(xiàn)orm即“該語法有何形式?” Meaning即“它表達何義?”Use即“在何情形或為何情形而使用它?”
筆者以“學(xué)以致用”原則為導(dǎo)向,設(shè)計了一節(jié)“非謂語動詞”復(fù)習課,得到同行的肯定與贊揚。按照授課進程,課例分為“相識——相知——相悅——相融”4個主要步驟。
一、相識
在課堂的開始階段,筆者給學(xué)生呈現(xiàn)了下列教學(xué)目標:
By the end of the lesson you’ll be able to:1. Tell the functions of the non-finite verbs; 2. Learn to tell the differences between the same functions of the given non-finite verbs; 3. Try to use as many non-finite verbs as possible in the given writing.
設(shè)計目的: 課堂教學(xué)的目標是課堂教學(xué)的出發(fā)點和歸宿,是預(yù)期的教學(xué)結(jié)果,是教學(xué)行為的指向與教學(xué)評價的尺度。(俞紅珍,2006)在課堂開始就把教學(xué)或?qū)W習目標呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生,這對于學(xué)習朝著既定的目標進發(fā)起到很好的引領(lǐng)作用,對于激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習動機有“推波助瀾”的功效。
鑒于本次展示的是階段復(fù)習課,所以,筆者在“激活舊知”方面開展了下列4項教學(xué)活動:
活動1: “說一說”非謂語動詞的類別
Teacher ellicites the functions of non-finite verbs.
活動2: “找一找”非謂語動詞的功能
Read the following passage and underline the non-finite verbs, trying to tell the fucnctions of them.
Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror,breaking into pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time.
活動3: “辨一辨”非謂語動詞的作用
Study the following table and put a tick in each section and make a comparison with your partner.
活動4: “練一練”非謂語動詞的習題
Please tell the differences between the following sections.
(A)不定式、動名詞作主語
1.To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
2.Eating too much is not good for your health.
(B)不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語
1.To see her is to love her.
2.Seeing is believing.
3.The story is boring.
4.We are pleased to have a new teacher give us a lesson.
。–)不定式、動名詞作賓語(完成句子)
1.He promised (九點到達這兒).
2.He avoided (回答我的問題).
3.We are looking forward to (再次見到您).
。―)不定式、分詞作賓補
1.I would like you (have)a chance to appreciate Chinese art.
2.I found her (smile)to me when I came in.
3.I found him (surround)by his children.
。‥)非謂語動詞作定語
1. I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.
2. Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.
3. The boring snow made the bored boys go home.
4. What’s the language spoken in Holland?
。‵)非謂語動詞作狀語
Please rewrite the following underlined parts.
1.I came here only to say good-bye to you.
→I came here .
2.If going there by plane,we’ll have to pay twice as much.
→If ,we’ll have to pay twice as much.
3.Unless asked to answer questions,the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs. Smith’s class.
→Unless ,the pupils should not talk in Mrs. Smith’s class.
設(shè)計目的:筆者通過讓學(xué)生“說一說”、“找一找”和“辨一辨”和“練一練”四項任務(wù),幫助學(xué)生進一步梳理非謂語動詞的特征和其語法功能。同時,這四項鏈式活動又可使學(xué)生對非謂語動詞有“一覽眾山小”的整體感覺。形式多樣的活動使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生積極的學(xué)習熱情,使課堂教學(xué)充滿活力。
二、相知
復(fù)習課須進一步理清學(xué)習的重難點。在此方面,教師的“中介作用”不可低估。筆者在認真分析課本和《考綱》的基礎(chǔ)上,跟學(xué)生一起對非謂語動詞進行了探究。
1.有些詞后既可接動名詞亦可接動詞不定式,但意義不同,如stop,remember,forget,regret,go on,can’t help,try,mean等。試比較。
2.不定式與動名詞作主語/表語時的區(qū)別。
不定式作主語時常表達將要發(fā)生的動作或特定的一次性行為,而動名詞作主語時一般指常見的情況。在兩者作表語時,不定式特指將來的動作,動名詞指常見或一般的情況。例如:
。1)To swim in such weather is unthinkable.(在這種天氣去游泳真是不可思議。
Swimming in summer is of great fun. (夏天游泳是件樂事。)
。2)Your job for the week is to complete the report.(你這周的任務(wù)是完成這個報告。)
His job in the department is cleaning all the offices in the building.(他在部門的工作是打掃所有的`辦公室。)
3.分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別。
分詞往往說明它所修飾的詞的性質(zhì)或特征;動名詞往往表示它所修飾的名詞的用途。例如:
a piece of exciting news(= a piece of news that is exciting)(令人興奮的消息)(分詞)
sleeping car(= a car for sleeping)(臥車)(動名詞)
4.動詞不定式作賓語補足語和現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的區(qū)別。
動詞不定式只說明賓語的一個動作,常指一個完成的動作,而現(xiàn)在分詞則說明賓語的動作正在進行。例如:
He often heard someone sing in the next room.(他常聽到有人在隔壁房間唱歌。)
Just then he heard someone singing in the next room.(當時他聽到一個人在隔壁房間唱歌。)
5.不定式、 現(xiàn)在分詞、 過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別。
不定式表示即將發(fā)生的動作; 現(xiàn)在分詞表示此刻正在發(fā)生的動作; 過去分詞則表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作。
The building to be completed next month is our library.(下月要完工的是我們的圖書館。)
The building being built is our library.(在建的是我們的圖書館。)
The building built is our library.(我們的圖書館已完工。)
6.不定式、 現(xiàn)在分詞、 過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。
不定式通常表示目的、意想不到的結(jié)果,或表示原因; 現(xiàn)在分詞有主動的意思,表示時間、原因、方式或伴隨的情況;過去分詞則表示“被動”的概念。
He hurried to the train station only to be told all trains had stopped running. (他匆忙趕到火車站,結(jié)果被告知所有火車都已停止運行。)
He was happy to see his parents in good health.(他欣慰地看到雙親身體健康。)
Seeing his parents in good health, he was happy.(當他看到雙親都很健康時,他開心極了。)
The pop singer,followed by two body guards, came to meet his fans. (那個流行歌手由兩個保鏢護著來跟粉絲見面。)
設(shè)計目的:比較法也是語法教學(xué)的常用方法。非謂語動詞的不定式、動名詞和分詞之間的差異和聯(lián)系是學(xué)生感到特別困惑的地方,通過對照和比較學(xué)生可消去困惑,對徹底理解此語法項目有了信心。
三、相悅
赫伯特·斯賓塞(2010)在《斯賓塞的快樂教育》一書中說:“教育的目的是讓孩子成為快樂的人,教育的手段和方法也應(yīng)該是快樂的。就像一根細小的蘆葦管,你從這頭輸進去的如果是苦澀的汗水,在另一端流出的也絕不是甘甜的蜜汁。”
課到此時,學(xué)生難免產(chǎn)生疲勞。為使學(xué)生“一路高歌”,筆者開展了下列成語“大放送”節(jié)目。
Please use your imagination (想象力)to complete the following sentences.
1.A bad beginning makes a bad .
2.A man becomes learned (有學(xué)問) by .
3.Doing is better than .
4.Eat to live, but not live .
5.It is easier to get money than .
6. is to the mind while exercise to the body.
設(shè)計目的:在語法教學(xué)上合理開發(fā)課程資源是必要的。美國心理學(xué)家威特羅克((M. C. Wittrock,1986;轉(zhuǎn)引自陶炳增、孫愛萍,2004)認為,學(xué)習是一個主動的過程,學(xué)習者積極參與其中,主動地建構(gòu)自己對信息的解釋,并從中作出推論。學(xué)習的生成過程就是學(xué)習者已有的認知結(jié)構(gòu)和儲存在長時記憶中的事件,在大腦信息加工策略的指揮下與從環(huán)境接受的感覺信息即新的知識相互作用的過程,在此過程中大腦主動選擇信息和建構(gòu)信息。因而,教師在開展課堂活動的過程中,應(yīng)正確處理“輸入”與“輸出”之間的平衡關(guān)系。通過對成語的再創(chuàng)造,學(xué)生不僅收獲了樂趣,也在不知不覺中習得了目標語法。
四、相融
語言學(xué)習的終極目標是使用目的語進行交際與運用。語言的習得、內(nèi)化與運用構(gòu)成了語言學(xué)習的循環(huán)鏈接。(葛春生,2013)由于語言輸出活動能幫助語言學(xué)習者提高其使用語言的流利程度,使學(xué)習者意識到自己在使用語言時存在的問題,學(xué)習者可能有更多機會來驗證自己提出的假設(shè),以語言假設(shè)進行反思,因此,從認知的角度來看,語言輸出對二語或外語習得都是必需的。在課堂教學(xué)中,合理設(shè)計和安排學(xué)生的語言輸出活動,對于學(xué)生的“學(xué)以致用”能力的培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造了良好契機。
Let’s make up a story, using as many non-infinites as possible. Here are the words and phrases you can refer to.
(1)Taken for a Ride(乘車)
I love travelling in the country, but I don’t like losing my way. I went on an excursion (遠足)recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected.
。↖ said ... going to Woodford Green as I got on the bus; where to get off;to get a good view of the country; look around;have to get off; as far as we go; forget to put you off;go back;prefer to stay)
。2)Quick Work
Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. Last week...
。╮eceive a letter;be asked to call at the police station; wonder why;not worried any more;his bicycle had been found;be picked up in a small village four hundred miles away;being sent to his home now;never expected the bicycle to be found; be stolen 20 years ago;be a boy of 15 then)
設(shè)計目的:本節(jié)課的中心任務(wù)是用非謂語動詞在情境中編寫故事。故事是兒童和處于青春期高中生喜聞樂見的文學(xué)體裁。學(xué)生在情景和詞塊的提示下,可以充分展現(xiàn)他們的想象力,馳騁在創(chuàng)造的歡樂世界里。目標語法內(nèi)容在教師和學(xué)生共同探究下終于有了“開花”和“結(jié)果”的時刻。
五、對語法教學(xué)的思考
語法教學(xué)的方法是多種多樣的,但必須以學(xué)生為中心,根據(jù)學(xué)生的需求和認知特點進行教學(xué)。因此,語法教學(xué)不應(yīng)只在孤立的句子中機械地進行,而應(yīng)在歸納的基礎(chǔ)上把語法點置入上下文的語境中,即有目的地設(shè)計一些含有語法點的交際活動,讓學(xué)生在實際的語言材料中感知、理解和掌握語法。
為了使語法教學(xué)取得實效,教師必須選擇可供教學(xué)使用的教學(xué)資源。在此方面,既要注意教學(xué)材料的“真實性”,更要關(guān)注教學(xué)材料的適切性和趣味性。在多數(shù)情況下,教師應(yīng)選擇語篇材料,因為語篇為語法學(xué)習提供了真實、自然和恰當?shù)那榫场?/p>
最后一點,也是十分關(guān)鍵的,就是加強語法的語用教學(xué)。不能為了語法而學(xué)習語法,語法是為語言的交際和使用而選擇的手段而已!皩W(xué)以致用”不僅是語言學(xué)習本質(zhì)在語言實踐中的應(yīng)然體現(xiàn),也是外語學(xué)習的終極目標所在。
【參考文獻】
[1]周燕,張潔. 學(xué)以致用:再談大學(xué)英語教學(xué)目標的定位與實現(xiàn)[J]. 外語與外語教學(xué),2014(1).
[2]葛春生. 三維語法教學(xué)理念在新課程中的實踐[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué):中學(xué)篇,2013(5).
[3]俞紅珍. 如何設(shè)定教學(xué)目標[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2006(12).
[4]赫伯特·斯賓塞. 斯賓塞的快樂教育[M]. 福州:海峽文藝出版社,2010.
[5]陶炳增,孫愛萍. 論威特羅克的生成學(xué)習理論的教學(xué)含義[J]. 開放教育研究,2004(6).
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