- 英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作格式要求 推薦度：
- 相關(guān)推薦
英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作
英語(yǔ)的學(xué)術(shù)論文的提綱以及要點(diǎn)都是同學(xué)們關(guān)心的問(wèn)題，那么怎樣的寫(xiě)法才符合論文的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)呢?
格式
Title(標(biāo)題)
Abstract(摘要)
Keywords(關(guān)鍵詞)
Table of contents(目錄)
Nomenclature(術(shù)語(yǔ)表)
Introduction(引言)
Method(方法)
Results(結(jié)果)
Discussion(討論)
Conclusion(結(jié)論)
Acknowledgement(致謝)
Reference(參考文獻(xiàn))
Appendix(附錄)
其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是必不可少的(其他內(nèi)容根據(jù)具體需要而定)。在這八項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中，讀者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，讀者會(huì)根據(jù)這些內(nèi)容來(lái)決定是否閱讀全文。也就是說(shuō)，一篇研究論文贏得讀者的多少，在很大程度上取決于Title，Abstract和Introduction寫(xiě)得好壞。因此這三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容將各分章詳細(xì)加以講述。
學(xué)術(shù)論文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三個(gè)部分。這三部分主要描述研究課題的具體內(nèi)容、方法，研究過(guò)程中所使用的設(shè)備、儀器、條件，并如實(shí)公布有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)和研究結(jié)果等。Conclusion是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容或有關(guān)研究課題進(jìn)行的總體性討論。它具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和客觀性，反映一個(gè)研究課題的價(jià)值，同時(shí)提出以后的研究方向。
標(biāo)題的寫(xiě)法
論文標(biāo)題是全文內(nèi)容的縮影。讀者通過(guò)標(biāo)題便能夠預(yù)測(cè)論文的主要內(nèi)容和作者的意圖，從而決定是否閱讀全文。因此，為了使文章贏得有關(guān)領(lǐng)域里眾多的讀者，論文的標(biāo)題必須用最精煉的語(yǔ)言恰如其分地體現(xiàn)全文的主題和核心。本章主要探討英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文標(biāo)題的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及寫(xiě)法。
6.1 標(biāo)題的長(zhǎng)度
標(biāo)題 單詞總數(shù) 名詞數(shù) 介詞數(shù) 形容詞等
1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2
2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0
3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3
14) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2
5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2
6) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4
英語(yǔ)科技論文中，標(biāo)題不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)，大多為8—12個(gè)單詞左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些學(xué)術(shù)論文的標(biāo)題的字?jǐn)?shù)及詞性統(tǒng)計(jì)資料。
表6.1 學(xué)術(shù)論文標(biāo)題中字?jǐn)?shù)及詞性統(tǒng)計(jì)(一)
標(biāo)題 單詞總數(shù) 名詞數(shù) 介詞數(shù) 形容詞等
7) On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2
8) Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures: A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4
9) Acoustics of Long Spaces: Theory and Application 7 4 l 2
10) Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0
11) Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2
12) High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2
13 ) Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l
14) The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3.
15) Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3
平均(約) 9 5.5 1.5 2
來(lái)源：中國(guó)第三屆青年學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文集，材料科學(xué)與工程技術(shù)。北京：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，1998。
標(biāo) 題 單詞總數(shù) 名詞數(shù) 介詞數(shù) 形容詞等
1) Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2
2) Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2
3) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l
4) Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3
5) Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2
6) A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth? 7 3 1 3
7) The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey 11 5 2 4
8) Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3
9) Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l
10) Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6
11) Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14 8 5 1
12) Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents: the College Experience 8 5 0 3
13) Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts
& Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7
14) Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9 5 2 2
標(biāo) 題 單詞總數(shù) 名詞數(shù) 介詞數(shù) 形容 詞等
15) Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14 6 3 5
平均(約) 9.5 5 1.5 3
來(lái)源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96(2)
表6.1中列出的是中國(guó)科協(xié)第三屆青年學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)論文集中15篇英文論文的標(biāo)題，平均9個(gè)單詞。表6.2列出的是從The Ohio Journal of Science中隨機(jī)挑出的15篇論文的標(biāo)題，平均9.5個(gè)單詞。
要想用有限的字?jǐn)?shù)概括全文的主旨，用詞必須仔細(xì)斟酌和推敲，選擇最簡(jiǎn)練、最準(zhǔn)確、最貼切的詞來(lái)表達(dá)全文的主要內(nèi)容。
6.2 標(biāo)題的用詞
從表6.1和表6.2可以看出，標(biāo)題中用得最多的是名詞(包括動(dòng)名詞)，平均占總單詞數(shù)的50%～60%之高。其中有的標(biāo)題中80%以上的詞為名詞。除名詞外，用得較多的是介詞，有時(shí)使用形容詞、冠詞、連詞、副詞。
標(biāo)題是對(duì)全文重要內(nèi)容的高度概括，因此用詞要貼切、中肯，不能有任何隨意性。為了便于檢索，標(biāo)題中所用的詞盡量使用表達(dá)全文內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞，下面舉例說(shuō)明標(biāo)題中關(guān)鍵詞的出現(xiàn)率。例1
a. 標(biāo)題：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components
b.
關(guān)鍵詞：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction ·
疲勞 點(diǎn)焊 汽車(chē) 壽命預(yù)測(cè)
b.標(biāo)題：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling
關(guān)鍵詞：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting
鑄件充型 計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 冷隔 鑄造
c.標(biāo)題：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant
關(guān)鍵詞：air bag out-of-position occupant
安全氣囊 離位乘員
c. 標(biāo)題：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions
關(guān)鍵詞：fatigue test statistical method test specimens
疲勞實(shí)驗(yàn) 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法 試樣分析：
例1a中，有4個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，在標(biāo)題里出現(xiàn)了3個(gè)，而標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)名詞詞組fatigue life prediction 和 spot welded components都是文章的關(guān)鍵詞。
在例1b中，有4個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，其中3個(gè)出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)題里。標(biāo)題中用了4個(gè)名詞詞組：computer simulation，experimental study，cold shut，mold filling，其中3個(gè)是關(guān)鍵詞。
例1c中有2個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，在標(biāo)題里都出現(xiàn)。標(biāo)題中用了3個(gè)名詞或名詞詞組：investigation，air bags deployment forces，out-of-position occupant，其中兩個(gè)是關(guān)鍵詞。
例1d中有3個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，其中2個(gè)出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)題里。
從上面四個(gè)例子可以看出，標(biāo)題中的用詞多是文章的關(guān)鍵詞，明確、精煉，將文章的主要內(nèi)容予以高度概括。
標(biāo)題中用得最多的是名詞或名詞詞組，一般不用動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組。如果用動(dòng)詞，則用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，如動(dòng)名詞、不定式或分詞。
從表6.1和表6.2可以看出，在標(biāo)題平均9個(gè)單詞中，有5.5個(gè)是名詞，占一半以上。除名詞外，用得較多的是介詞of，in，on等，再其次是連詞and和形容詞。偶爾也需要用一些其他詞性的詞，如副詞、冠詞等。
6.3 標(biāo)題的結(jié)構(gòu)
學(xué)術(shù)文章的標(biāo)題主要有三種結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞性詞組(包括動(dòng)名詞)，介詞詞組，名詞詞組+介詞詞組。間或也用一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句作標(biāo)題(多用在人文社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域)，但一般不用陳述句或動(dòng)詞詞組作標(biāo)題。
(1)名詞性詞組
名詞性詞組由名詞及其修飾語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。名詞的修飾語(yǔ)可以是形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以是另一個(gè)名詞。名詞修飾名詞時(shí)，往往可以縮短標(biāo)題的長(zhǎng)度。以下各標(biāo)題分別由兩個(gè)名詞詞組構(gòu)成。
例2
a.Severe Weather and the Automobile
(名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)
b.Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics
(名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)
c.High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling
(名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)
d.Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students: the College
(名詞詞組) (名詞詞組)
Experience
(2)介詞詞組
介詞詞組由介詞十名詞或名詞詞組構(gòu)成。如果整個(gè)標(biāo)題就是一個(gè)介詞詞組的話，一般這個(gè)介詞是“on”，意思是“對(duì)……的研究”。
例3
a. On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor
b. On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures
(3)名詞/名詞詞組+介詞詞組這是標(biāo)題中用得最多的結(jié)構(gòu)。
例4
a.Fundamentals of Flow Measurement .
(名詞) (介詞詞組)
b.Scattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels
(名詞詞組) (介詞詞組)
c.Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students
(名詞詞組) (名詞詞組) (介詞詞組)
d.Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students
(名詞) (介詞詞組) (介詞詞組)
e.Diversity in the Future Work Force
(名詞) (介詞詞組)
f.Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials
(名詞) (介詞詞組)
g.Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy
(名詞詞組) (介詞詞組)
h.Acoustics of Long Spaces：Theory and Application
(名詞) (介詞詞組) (名詞詞組)
i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces
(名詞) (介詞詞組)
on Out-of-Position Occupant
(介詞詞組)
j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development
(名詞) (介詞詞組) in an Urban Environment
(介詞詞組)
標(biāo)題中的介詞詞組一般用來(lái)修飾名詞或名詞詞組，從而限定某研究課題的范圍。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與中文的“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)相似，區(qū)別是中文標(biāo)題中修飾語(yǔ)在前，中心詞在后。英文正好相反，名詞在前，而作為修飾語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)在后。
例5
a. Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials
燃料電池及其材料進(jìn)展
b. Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling
鑄件充型中冷隔過(guò)程計(jì)算機(jī)模擬及其實(shí)驗(yàn)研究
c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components
點(diǎn)焊汽車(chē)構(gòu)件疲勞壽命預(yù)測(cè)
c. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant
安全氣囊對(duì)離位乘員作用力的分析與研究
(4)其他形式
對(duì)于值得爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題，偶爾可用疑問(wèn)句作為論文的標(biāo)題，以點(diǎn)明整個(gè)論文討論的焦點(diǎn)。
例6
a. Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow?
b. Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function?
c.130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water?
有的標(biāo)題由兩部分組成，用冒號(hào)(：)隔開(kāi)。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，冒號(hào)前面一部分是研究的對(duì)象、內(nèi)容或課題，比較籠統(tǒng)，冒號(hào)后面具體說(shuō)明研究重點(diǎn)或研究方法。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)可再分為三種模式。
模式1 研究課題：具體內(nèi)容
例7
a. Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology：Barriers and Needs
b. Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microchemistry
c.Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application
d.Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life
模式2 研究課題：方法/性質(zhì)
例8
a. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey
b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study
c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey
d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance: Two Case Studies
模式 3 研究課題：?jiǎn)栴}焦點(diǎn)
a. Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health?
b. Noise: Good? Bad? Maybe Both?
c. Manure: Friend or Foe?
思考題
下面這寫(xiě)論文標(biāo)題是否合適?如果不合適，請(qǐng)修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music
2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans
3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land
4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education
5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education
6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered
7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices
8. Yellow Fever’s Effect on Transportation and Commerce
9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science
10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University
11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability
to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis
參考答案
下面這寫(xiě)論文標(biāo)題是否合適?如果不合適，請(qǐng)修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music (合適)
2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans (不合適)
改為 :Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans
3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land(不合適)
該為: Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land
4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education( 不合適)
該為: Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education
5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education (合適 )
6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered(不合適)
改為: Physics and Art: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages
7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices(不合適)
該為 :Use of Diamond for Electric Devices
8. Yellow Fever’s Effect on Transportation and Commerce (合適)
9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science(不合適)
改為: The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science
10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University (合)
11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis ( 不適)
該為: The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations: A Statistical Analysis
【英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作】相關(guān)文章：
英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作格式要求08-08
學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)08-02
學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作格式技巧05-11
學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的思路與方法05-13
關(guān)于學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的研究方法04-30
學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)有哪些04-24
學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作學(xué)習(xí)心得08-20