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中英文科技論文寫(xiě)作
英文科技論文寫(xiě)作的常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題
1 用詞分析
1.1 近義詞的用法區(qū)別
例1 “方程”的英文是“equation”，不是“formula”，“formula”的意思是“公式”。
例2 “question”和“problem”翻譯成中文都是“問(wèn)題”，但是英文的意思完全不同，
如“ask a question”，“answer a question”，“formulate a problem”，“solve a problem”等;
[1] I have a question about the last page of your presentation.
[2] I have a problem about the last page of your presentation.
前者的意思是你有不清楚或者不明白的東西要問(wèn)，后者是指你認(rèn)為“the last page of your
presentation”有錯(cuò)誤。
例3 “too”和“also”的用法區(qū)別：
[1] I have done this quickly too.
[2] I have also done this quickly.
例4 “few”和“several”用法區(qū)分。“several”的意思是“幾個(gè)”，“few”的意思是“幾乎沒(méi)有”或者“少”，
但是“a few”的意思是“幾個(gè)”。如：
[1] (a) I bought several books today. [1] (b) I bought a few books today.
這兩句話的意思略微不同：前者情況是指買(mǎi)的比較多，而后者指的是買(mǎi)的比較少。
[2] There is very few water left in the bottle. (那個(gè)瓶子里面幾乎沒(méi)有水了。)
[3] Very few students came to today's seminar. (今天參加講座的學(xué)生很少。)
[4] Few students came last night. (昨晚只來(lái)了幾個(gè)學(xué)生。)
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[5] A few students came last night. (昨晚來(lái)了幾個(gè)學(xué)生。)
例5 很多學(xué)生都不能區(qū)分科技英語(yǔ)中的property, character 和characteristic。翻譯成中文都是“特
征”、“特性”和“性質(zhì)”，但是在英文中意思不同。
[1] quality 最普通用詞，既可指有形或無(wú)形的特性，又可指?jìng)�(gè)性或共性的特征。
[2] character多指一類(lèi)人或事物所具有的獨(dú)特的典型的特征。
[3] characteristic 指某人或某物天生有別于他人或他物的內(nèi)部特質(zhì)或外表特征。
例6 Obscure (動(dòng)詞和形容詞) 的主要意思是“遮擋”。很多同學(xué)以為“obscure”的意思就是“模糊”，
應(yīng)該用fuzzy, blur, dark, faint 等的時(shí)候誤用obscure。
[1] The black hole is obscured by the dust along the line of sight.
[2] The image of the star is fuzzy, because the telescope is out of focus.
[3] The image of the star is blurred, because the telescope ...
[4] The source appears to be dark (或者faint), because of the obscuration by the gas in front of it.
例7 “At last”和“Finally”不完全一樣。如“Finally, we reconstruct the expansion history of the
Universe up to with the distance moduli of SNe Ia and GRBs.”Finally 換成 At last，意思是不同的：
前者的意思是，“最后，我們重建(了) ......”，后者的意思是“我們終于重建(了) ......”。
例8 “suspect or suspicious”(正面) 和“doubt or doubtful”(負(fù)面)。例子：
[1] We suspect that the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the
over-simplification of the model. (我們懷疑觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)和模型的偏離是由于模型過(guò)分簡(jiǎn)化造成的。)
[2] We doubt that the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the over-simplification of the model. (我們懷疑觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)和模型的偏離不是由于模型過(guò)分簡(jiǎn)化造成的。)
例9 distinction (定性的區(qū)別) 和difference (定量的不同)：
[1] A distinction should be made between a star and a planet.
[2] The difference between the two measurements is only 10%.
例10 “due to”, “because of”, “since”, “because”和“as”都有“因?yàn)?rdquo;和“由于”的意思，但是使用起來(lái)
很不一樣。
[1] However, due to the fact that (注意此處需要the fact that) the inner disk temperature or BB
temperature is lower than several keV, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a considerable
portion in the whole energy band.
或者可以改為：
[2] However, because of the fact that the inner disk ...
[3] However, since the inner disk ...
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[4] However, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a considerable portion in the whole energy
band, because the inner disk or BB temperature is lower than several keV.
推薦表達(dá)[4]，因?yàn)橹鞔侮P(guān)系明確，而且“because”的主要意思就是“因?yàn)?rdquo;，而“since”的主要意思
是“自從”(描述時(shí)間)。不建議使用“as”，因?yàn)?ldquo;as”的主要意思是“作為”。以下是使用“due to”和
“because of”的例子：
[5] Due to the expansion of the universe, the distances between galaxies become farther and farther.
[6] Because of your work, this problem has been solved completely.
在大多數(shù)情況下，“due to”和“because of”可以通用，但是意思略微有所不同。“due to”指自然發(fā)
展、順理成章的理由，“because of”指主動(dòng)介入導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的理由。
例11 revise、correct、modify 的區(qū)別：
“revise or revision or revised”意為“修改或者更新，沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但是不夠完善”;
“correct or correction or corrected”意為“修正或者改正，有錯(cuò)誤，需要改過(guò)來(lái)”;
“modify”的意思介于兩者之間。
1.2 大小寫(xiě)
例12 能量的單位：eV (不是ev)，keV (不是KeV), MeV (不是meV)，GeV，TeV。
例13 方程后面如果不是句號(hào)，后面的緊接的句子不能另起一段，而且第一個(gè)字母必須是小寫(xiě);
方程后面如果是句號(hào)，后面緊接的句子可以另起一段，也可以不另起一段，但是第一個(gè)字母必
須是大寫(xiě)。
例14 冒號(hào)后面如果接的是句子，則第一個(gè)字母是大寫(xiě);如果是單詞或詞組，則第一個(gè)字母是小寫(xiě)。
[1] It requires that a clock still show proper time after being read: The quantum uncertainty in its
position must not introduce significant inaccuracies in its measurement of time over the total running
time. (請(qǐng)注意這里的“show”用動(dòng)詞原形，因?yàn)?ldquo;require”是命令語(yǔ)氣。)
[2] I classify black holes into three categories: mathematical black holes, physical black holes or
astrophysical black holes. (請(qǐng)注意這里的“or”經(jīng)常被誤寫(xiě)為“and”。)
1.3 單復(fù)數(shù)
例15 “data”是復(fù)數(shù)(單數(shù)是“datum”);spectrum, nova, formula, nuclear, index, locus, torus, modulus,
radius, focus 的復(fù)數(shù)分別是spectra, novae, formulae, nuclei, indices, loci, tori, moduli, radii, foci。
例16 “In Figure 7, I show the conversion efficiency of different kind (應(yīng)改為kinds) of black hole
accretion systems.”
例17 指示代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)this, that, these, those 的用法。錯(cuò)誤的例子：
“This (or that) two pictures are taken ... ”應(yīng)該改為“These (or those) two pictures are taken ... ”。
180 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
1.4 數(shù)字的英文寫(xiě)法
例18 如果能夠使用一個(gè)單詞的數(shù)一般不用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。比如“nine books”或者“twenty books”而
不是“9 books”或者“20 books”;但是后面接物理量單位時(shí)，9 kg 是正確的，nine kg 是錯(cuò)誤的。
例19 日期的寫(xiě)法：the first of July, 2006;July first, 2006;the second of July, 2006;the third of July;
the 4th of July;the 28th of July;July 28th, 2006;2006-07-28;07-28-2006
(USA), 28-07-2006 (Europe and the rest of world)。
例20 30 年代：“1930s”是正確的，“1930’s”是錯(cuò)誤的。
例21 “Up to now, about 20 (應(yīng)改為twenty) black holes with masses around ten (應(yīng)改為10) solar
masses, called stellar mass black holes, have been identified observationally.”
1.5 詞義的選取
例22 一般情況下使用單詞的第一個(gè)意思。比如“for”的意思包括“為了”、“因?yàn)?rdquo;，但是在科技文
章里面只使用“為了”。需要“因?yàn)?rdquo;的時(shí)候用“because”或者“since”。再比如“as”的意思包括“作為”、
“因?yàn)?rdquo;等，但是在科技文章里面只使用“作為”。
例23 “while”主要有兩個(gè)意思：“當(dāng)...... 時(shí)候”和“然而”。但是科技英文盡可能使用單詞的第一個(gè)
意思，因此建議只使用“while”為“當(dāng)...... 時(shí)候”，當(dāng)需要使用“然而”的時(shí)候用“whereas”。
例24 大部分學(xué)生都知道even 有幾個(gè)意思，但是很多學(xué)生不清楚如何使用。舉幾個(gè)例子：
[1] Even though (雖然) a scientist does not make a lot of money, I still choose doing research
because ...
[2] Even if (盡管) this book costs a lot of money, I will still buy it because ...
[3] This book is very good, even (甚至) better than the most popular book written by...
例25 primary 的意思，幾乎所有的學(xué)生都在使用primary 的時(shí)候誤用作“初始”(initial) 或者“初
級(jí)”(elementary) 或者“非正式”(preliminary)。實(shí)際上primary 的主要意思是“主要”。例子：
[1] The energy spectrum of this source is consisted of two components; the primary (主要) component
is a blackbody with a temperature of 1 keV and the secondary (次要) component is a power-law with
a photon index of -2.
[2] After analyzing these data, our preliminary (初步) conclusion is that this accretion disk has an
inner disk radius of 20 km.
[3] After analyzing these data, our primary (主要) conclusion is that this accretion disk has an inner
disk radius of 20 km.
1.6 冠詞
181 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
例26 可數(shù)名詞以單數(shù)出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候前面必須加冠詞“a”或者“the”。“a”是不定冠詞，沒(méi)有特指的含
意;“the”是定冠詞，必須有特指。比如：
[1] (a) I bought a book about Einstein yesterday. (有很多關(guān)于愛(ài)因斯坦的書(shū)，我買(mǎi)了其中的一本，
但是從這句話了你無(wú)法了解到底是哪一本。)
[1] (b) I bought the book about Einstein we discussed in the class yesterday.
[1] (c) I bought the book about Einstein's love stories.
[1] (d) I bought the book about Einstein. (盡管沒(méi)有明確指出，但是談話的雙方都知道是哪一本書(shū)，
或者世界上只有一本關(guān)于愛(ài)因斯坦的書(shū)。)
[2] I bought three books about Einstein's general relativity. (隨便三本。)
[3] I bought the three books about Einstein's general relativity. (只有三本。)
[4] I bought the three most popular books about Einstein's general relativity. (三本最受歡迎的。)
[5] I bought three most popular books about Einstein's general relativity. (最受歡迎的其中三本。)
[2]—[5] 的意思完全不同。
例27 “the equation 3”,“the table 4”,“the figure 5”都是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)?ldquo;the”都不需要。
例28 “In above calculations, we have ... ”改為
“In the above calculations, we have ... ”(顯然是特指。)
例29 same 前面一般加the，因?yàn)槭翘刂浮?/p>
比如“The same method is also used here. ”幾乎所有同學(xué)都錯(cuò)誤地寫(xiě)成“Same method
is also used here.”
再比如“We have chosen the cross-correlation method, the same as that used by Ling & Zhang
(2006).”是正確的。
例30 single 后面如果是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)的話，仍然需要在single 前面加“a”或者“the”，比如“a single
book”，“the single tree”。
例31 物理量符號(hào)前面一般不需要加“the”，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)是特指了。例如“Empirically, γ
is roughly correlated to observed peak (需改為the observed peak) spectral energy Ep by lg Ep =(2.76 ±
0.07) - (3.61 ± 0.26) lg γ. We employ this empirical relation to estimate the (刪除the) Ep of Swift
GRBs and correct the observed peak luminosity to a bolometric band.”但是“We employ this
empirical relation to estimate the peak energy Ep of Swift GRBs and correct the observed peak
luminosity to a bolometric band.”就是正確的。
例32 “If there is sufficient amount of matter around a black hole ... ”修改為“If there is a sufficient
amount of matter around a black hole ... ”。
例33 對(duì)于英文單詞前不定冠詞a 和an 的用法。元音字面開(kāi)始的單詞前面加an，輔音字母開(kāi)始
182 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
的單詞前面加a，但是有幾個(gè)地方需要注意：a uniform (因?yàn)檫@里u 的發(fā)音是輔音)，an hour (因
為這里h 不發(fā)音)。有兩類(lèi)用法原則上都是正確的。
(1) 按照縮寫(xiě)的第一個(gè)字母代表的單詞前面加a 或者an。如“a NLS1 galaxy”(“a Narrow Line
Seyfert 1 galaxy”), or“an UV peak”(an ultraviolet peak) 都是正確的。
(2) 按照因?yàn)榭s寫(xiě)的第一個(gè)字母的發(fā)音，元音發(fā)音的前面加an，輔音發(fā)音的前面加a。因此“A、
E、F、H、I、L、M、N、O、R、S、X”前面加an，“B、C、D、G、J、K、P、Q、T、U、V、
W、Y、Z”前面加a。例如“a NLS1 galaxy”和“a UV bump”也都是正確的。但是第二種用法更加普
遍被接受，因此建議全部使用第二種用法。如果你堅(jiān)持一定要使用第一種用法，則最好整篇文
章保持一致。由于很多英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人甚至編輯也不理解上面兩個(gè)用法的道理，有時(shí)候即使你
整篇文章都采用了第二種用法，也會(huì)遇到編輯把“a UV peak”改成“an UV peak”。
1.7 介詞的誤用
例34 similar to，different from 和differ from 經(jīng)常被誤用為similar with，different with 和differ
with。例如：
“Our solution differs with (應(yīng)改為from) the solutions obtained in previous studies”。
但是下面幾個(gè)例子是正確的：
[1] We differ with you on solving this problem, by including the effects of magnetic fields.
[2] The brothers differ in their interests.
[3] The houses in the row differ only in small details.
[4] We differ about moral standards.
例35 “to do something”和“in order to do something”是有明顯區(qū)別的，大部分同學(xué)使用時(shí)不進(jìn)行區(qū)
分。比如：
[1] I have solved this problem to get this result. (我已經(jīng)解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題，導(dǎo)致我得到了這個(gè)結(jié)果。)
[2] I have solved this problem in order to get this result. (為了得到這個(gè)結(jié)果，我已經(jīng)解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)
題。)
“To get this result I have solved this problem.”和“In order to get this result I have solved this
problem.”的意思一樣，但是在這種情況下，建議使用“In order to ... ”，因?yàn)闆](méi)有引起歧義的可能
性。
1.8 比較級(jí)
例36 副詞沒(méi)有比較級(jí)。比如：
“This problem can be solved using this method more easily.”是正確的，但是，如果 easily 換成easier
則是錯(cuò)誤的。
“better, best, most, least, worse, worst”等取不規(guī)則變化的比較級(jí)是例外，如“You can do this better.”
183 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
“You better do this.” “This problem is best solved by... ” “This development is most advanced.” “That
development is least advanced.” “This process is best described by ... ”都是正確的。
1.9 縮寫(xiě)
例37 “Professor”的縮寫(xiě)是“Prof.”不是“Pro.”，如“Dear Pro. Zhang”是錯(cuò)誤的。
1.10 中英文習(xí)慣用法
例38 x2
的英文正確表達(dá)是chi-squared，而chi square 是錯(cuò)誤的。平方根是square root;均方根
是root mean square (RMS)。
例39 橢圓的長(zhǎng)軸和短軸分別為：major (不是long) axis, minor (不是short) axis。
例40 數(shù)學(xué)中的上限和下限分別是lower limit 和upper limit，而不是low limit 和 up limit。
例41 關(guān)于圖的一些英文說(shuō)明：
(1) 一個(gè)figure 如果由幾個(gè)圖組成，每個(gè)圖叫做panel，而不是sub-figure，圖的位置通常稱為top
panel, middle panel, bottom panel, upper panel, upper-left panel, lower-right panel, 等等;
(2) 圖中線條的說(shuō)法是solid line, dotted line (不是dot line), dashed line (不是dash line), dot-dashed line。
例42 “大質(zhì)量”是“high mass”，不是“large mass”;小質(zhì)量“low mass”是正確的，“small mass”是錯(cuò)
誤的;大質(zhì)量恒星：high-mass star，小質(zhì)量恒星：low-mass star。
例43 “亮度可以從以下方程計(jì)算得到”經(jīng)常被寫(xiě)成“The luminosity can be calculated from the
below equation.”正確的寫(xiě)法是：
[1] The luminosity can be calculated from the following equation.
[2] The luminosity can be calculated from the equation as follows . (following也可)
若將其中的following 換成followings 則是錯(cuò)誤的。
例44 “Physicists were looking for a fundamental explanation why (應(yīng)改為for why) the electron mass
could not be any different from its measured value.”
例45 最右邊、左邊、上面、下面：rightmost, leftmost, uppermost, lowermost。經(jīng)常錯(cuò)誤地寫(xiě)為
most right, ...
例46 “數(shù)量級(jí)”是“order of magnitude”，但是經(jīng)常被誤用為“order”，例如“The mass of this black hole
is about one order smaller (應(yīng)改為smaller by about one order of magnitude) than that one.”
1.11 詞性的選取
例47 “sun”是名詞，“solar”是形容詞。正確表達(dá)：“the mass of the Sun”(太陽(yáng)的質(zhì)量)，“solar
mass”(太陽(yáng)質(zhì)量，是質(zhì)量單位)。“sun mass”, “sun energy”等是錯(cuò)誤的。
例48 “evenly”和“even”的區(qū)別：“All girls should sit on the chairs with even (偶) numbers.” “Students
are evenly (對(duì)半) divided into two groups.”
184 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
例49 “輻射”的動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞分別是：radiate, radiation (不可數(shù)名詞) 和 radiative (radiative
process, radiative efficiency，但是注意radiating source 的意思是“發(fā)出輻射的源” (看到的輻射來(lái)自
于這個(gè)源)，而radiative source (不常使用) 的意思是“源是會(huì)輻射的”(但是看到的輻射倒不一定來(lái)
自于這個(gè)源));emission (可數(shù)名詞) 的意思是“發(fā)射” (動(dòng)詞是emit，沒(méi)有形容詞，所以只能使用
名詞或者動(dòng)名詞作為形容詞，如emission process (不使用emitting process)，emitting source 和
emission source 都是正確的(發(fā)射源));irradiation (不可數(shù)名詞) 的意思是“照射”，導(dǎo)致的主要結(jié)
果是“輻射”會(huì)進(jìn)入到被照射的對(duì)象;illumination (不可數(shù)名詞) 的意思是“照亮”，導(dǎo)致的主要結(jié)
果是被照亮的物體表面變亮。
例50 “復(fù)雜”的動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞分別是：complicate, complication 和complicated (與complex、
sophisticated 大致同義，但是3 個(gè)詞的含義略有不同：complicated 或者complication 是指比較
亂、多個(gè)因素同時(shí)并交互起作用;complex 是指規(guī)模比較大，但是并不亂;sophisticated 指邏輯關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜)。
例51 constrain (動(dòng)詞) 和constraint (名詞), relative 和relatively 等。下面一段話中有很多錯(cuò)誤：
“Compared (改為comparing) to the joint constraints with GRBs and without GRBs, we can find the
contribution of GRBs to the joint cosmological constrains (改為constraints), although the
contribution of GRBs to the cosmological constraint (改為constraints) would be not enough
significant to that of SNe Ia now (改為not be significant enough, compared to that of SNe Ia at
present). This is mainly caused by the relative (改為relatively) large statistical scatters of (改為
scattering in) the GRB relations and the relative (改為relatively) small data (改為number) of
GRBs (此處添加in the sample,) comparing (改為compared) to that of SNe Ia now (改為
currently).”上面的“enough significant”還可以改為“sufficiently significant”。
例52 base 和basing，based 容易誤用。
[1] Base (改為Basing) on these data, we can calculate the mass of the black hole.
[2] Base (改為Based) on these data, the mass of the black hole can be calculated.
請(qǐng)注意其中的“on”是必需的。
例53 “the anti-correlation shows larger scattering”中scattering 改為scatter。
例54 擬合“fit”。錯(cuò)誤的例句：
[1] The fit result agrees with the model prediction well.
[2] The fits are shown in Figure 1.
正確的例句：
[3] The fitting result agrees with the model prediction well.
[4] The fittings are shown in Figure 1.
185 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
[5] We fit the data with the model.
[6] We have fitted the data with the model.
[7] We have fit the data with the model.
[8] The data are fitted with the model.
不建議使用“The data are fit with the model.”原因是“fit”的形容詞的意思是“合適、健康”等，比如
“This old man is very fit.”這個(gè)老人很健康(特指行動(dòng)敏捷)，反義詞是“unfit”。
例55 “double”是形容詞和動(dòng)詞，“twice”是名詞。下面是正確的例句：
[1] They discovered a double neutron star system.
[2] The double neutron stars in the systems have been observed many times.
[3] This observation program has doubled the number of neutron stars known so far.
[4] He concluded that QPOs at both the NS spin frequency and twice of it should be
detected during long (super) burst events for 4U 1636-53.
但是注意“triple”和“quadruple”同時(shí)是形容詞、名詞和動(dòng)詞。
1.12 形似詞
例56 “photo”是“照片”，“photon”是“光子”，大部分學(xué)生不能區(qū)分這兩個(gè)英文單詞
的意思。
例57 注意“assess”(評(píng)估、估計(jì)) 和“access”(訪問(wèn)、靠近、接近、取得) 的區(qū)別。
例58 complement (ary, arity) (補(bǔ)充), compensate (補(bǔ)償), compliment(ary) (贊揚(yáng))。
例59 applying 不是appling (很多學(xué)生在加“ing”的時(shí)候都把“y”去掉)，同樣的例
子有：studying, flying, accompanying。加“ed”的時(shí)候才是需要把“y”換成“i”：applied,
studied, flied, accompanied。
1.13 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去分詞
例60 區(qū)分show 的過(guò)去時(shí)(showed) 和過(guò)去分詞(shown)。
例61 accompanied 和 accompanying：“the fall-back matter after the accompanied (改為
accompanying) supernova explosion forms an accretion disk around the black hole.”
1.14 詞組搭配
例62 “spherically symmetric”和“spherical symmetry”是正確的。“spherical symmetric”和“spherically
symmetry”是錯(cuò)誤的。
例63 “detail description”，“in details”是錯(cuò)誤的，正確的是“detailed description”，“in detail”。
例64 “Unlike in the case with the uniformity of the universe, no apparent violation of this law is
known.”改為“Unlike the case of ... ”
例65 “NELGs are intermediate Seyfert galaxies whose broad line regions are lightly (應(yīng)改為slightly)
obscured.”
186 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
例66 關(guān)于“take into account”的正確例子：
[1] We will take the force into account.
[2] We will take into account the force.
[3] We will take account of the force.
而“We will take into account of the force.”是錯(cuò)誤的。
例67 “These observations have made the studies of the formation processes of stars, planets, galaxies
and quasars possible.”需要修改為
“These observations have made possible the studies of the formation processes of stars, planets,
galaxies and quasars.”(請(qǐng)注意“possible”的位置)。
例68 “These black holes have masses between 105 — 1010
solar masses”修改為“These black holes
have masses between 105 and 1010
solar masses”。
例69 “Tremendous observational evidence supporting the existence of black holes in the universe is
gradually permitting the uncovering (應(yīng)改為uncovering of) the mysteries of black holes.”
例70 “The left panel in (應(yīng)改為of) Figure 9 shows a theoretical calculation of... ”
例71 “However this possibility, if true, may have fundamental impacts to the evolution and fate of the
universe, as I will discuss in the end of this chapter.”修改為
“However, this possibility, if true, may have fundamental impacts regarding the evolution and fate of
the universe, as I will discuss at the end of this chapter.”
1.15 及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法
例72 “cannot”是美國(guó)式用法，“can not”是英國(guó)式用法。
例73 “We also referred (應(yīng)改為referred to) Figure 3 and Figure 4 in the text.”
例74 “However, in science direct evidence is not always what leads (應(yīng)改為leads to) the discovery of
something.”
例75 may, maybe, may be。如：
[1] (a) This maybe the reason. 應(yīng)該修改為：
[1] (b) This may be the reason. 或者
[1] (c) Maybe this is the reason.
[2] (a) He agreed that this burst may totally from the external shock. 修改為：
[2] (b) He agreed that this burst may come totally from the external shock. 或者
[2] (c) He agreed that this burst may originate totally from the external shock. 或者
[2] (d) He agreed that this burst may be totally from the external shock.
但[2] (b) 中 may 如果換成 maybe 則是錯(cuò)誤的。
1.16 連詞
187 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
例76 “So”作為句子的開(kāi)頭太頻繁，可以適當(dāng)使用“Therefore”, “Hence”,“Consequently”, “Thus”,
“As a result”等。因此應(yīng)該避免使用“So”作為句子的開(kāi)頭。
例77 “And”, “But”作為句子的開(kāi)頭太頻繁，盡量不用“And”, “But”作為句子的開(kāi)頭，可以適當(dāng)使
用“However”，“Nevertheless”等作為句子的轉(zhuǎn)折。
1.17 用詞不簡(jiǎn)潔或不夠準(zhǔn)確
例78 “The two scenarios are almost equally well to represent the high-z LGRB rate excess.”可以修
改為“The two scenarios almost equally well represent the high-z LGRB rate excess.”
例79 It is found that although this case can well reproduce the observed logN—log P distribution,
but much over produces (改為significantly over-produces) the observed GRBs at z ~ 2 and lack to
produce (改為under-produces) GRBs at z > 3.
例80 “Despite of (改為Despite) tremendous progress in black hole research, many fundamental
questions concerning (改為characteristics of) astrophysical black holes in the physical universe
remain not fully understood or clarified.”
2 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
例81 方程是句子的一部分，前后(主要是方程后面) 都必須有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。
例82 分號(hào)(;) 的使用：為了避免一個(gè)句子太長(zhǎng)，或者強(qiáng)調(diào)主要的內(nèi)容，通常英文中分號(hào)后面是
對(duì)前面的補(bǔ)充(中文的分號(hào)是排比)。例如：
[1] I teach a graduate course on frontiers of astrophysics between 7:20 pm to 9:45 pm every
Thursday;I deliberately arranged to have my classes in the evenings because ...
[2] In this work, a simple method is provided to combine GRB data into the joint observational data
analysis to constrain cosmological models; in this method those SNe Ia data points used for calibrating
the GRB data are not used to avoid any correlation between them.
例83 經(jīng)常(幾乎100%) 看到學(xué)生不會(huì)在latex 里面正確輸入引號(hào)。正確的做法：`test’生成ps或
者PDF之后是‘test’。但是大部分學(xué)生都是輸入：’test’。類(lèi)似的情況是: ``test”而不是”test” 。
例84 Some of the discussions, especially on the question“will (改為Will) all matter in the universe
eventually fall into black holes?”, (此處逗號(hào)應(yīng)刪除) are quite speculative.
3 規(guī)范化
3.1 正斜體
例85 關(guān)于正體和斜體：正文里面數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)、物理量符號(hào)等(如x, y, z, A, B, C這些數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)都是能
夠取值的) 應(yīng)該是斜體，單位是正體而不是斜體(如kg, km, eV)，函數(shù)如sin, cos, log 等應(yīng)該是正
體;公式里面的文字說(shuō)明(因?yàn)椴荒苋≈? 必須是正體(latex 中“\rm ”命令的功能就是把后面的內(nèi)
188 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
容變成正體)。下標(biāo)里面也是一樣的規(guī)則。比如“黑洞質(zhì)量”MBH 是正確的，但是MBH、MBH、MBH
都是錯(cuò)誤的。
3.2 需空格和不需空格的地方
例86 單位和前面的數(shù)字之間必須有空格，如10 eV, 20 kg, 40 km;在公式里面加空格$m=10\ {\rm
kg}$，或者$m={\rm10\ kg}$，或者$m=10\mbox{ } {\rm kg}$(注意“\ ”和“\mbox{ }”的效果是一
樣的)。但是如果寫(xiě)成$m=10{\rm kg}$，或者$m={\rm 10 kg}$，則單位和前面的數(shù)字之間就沒(méi)有
空格了。
例87 左括號(hào)“(”和前面的字母之間必須有空格，和后面的字母之間沒(méi)有空格，右括號(hào)“)”和前面
的字母之間沒(méi)有空格，和后面的字母之間有空格(除非右括號(hào)“)”的后面是標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào))。例如：This
problem has been solved (Einstein 1915) and consequently applied to many
astrophysical settings (Freedman 1932; Lieu 1945). 逗號(hào) “,” 和點(diǎn)號(hào)“.”和前面的字母之間沒(méi)有空
格，和后面的字母之間有空格。
例88 用上標(biāo)表示的單位出現(xiàn)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的情況：0.1角秒(0".1)，0.1角分(0′.1)，0.1度(0°.1)，1.1角
秒(1".1)，1.1角分(1′.1)，1.1度(1°.1)，這里單位和數(shù)字之間沒(méi)有空格。
3.3 參考文獻(xiàn)的引用方法
例89 天文類(lèi)英文期刊參考文獻(xiàn)的常用引用方法：
[1] Zhang et al. (1999) have shown that black holes can eat matter...
[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. (1999) that black holes eat matter.
[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. 1999).
常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤例句是：
[1] Zhang et al. 1999 have shown...
[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. 1999 that black holes eat matter.
[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. (1999)). 請(qǐng)注意括號(hào)的位置。
3.4 制圖
例90 關(guān)于畫(huà)圖：坐標(biāo)軸需要名稱和單位，幾乎所有繪圖程序缺省設(shè)置的圖上的字母和數(shù)字字體
都太小，基本原則是按照雜志要求的尺寸印出來(lái)后圖上的字母和數(shù)字和正文的字體相當(dāng)或者略
大，但是應(yīng)該比“figure caption”的字體大一些。
4 語(yǔ)法分析
4.1 語(yǔ)態(tài)
例91 盡量不要使用主動(dòng)式，特別是“People have done... ”，應(yīng)該寫(xiě)“It has been calculated... by
xxx”(如果你不想強(qiáng)調(diào)到底是誰(shuí)做的，而僅僅想列出是誰(shuí)做的，就不要寫(xiě)“by xxx”，而只要列出
參考文獻(xiàn)就可以了)。
189 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
例92 “Several issues about black hole growth have clarified.”應(yīng)該修改為“Several issues about black
hole growth have been clarified.”
例93 “The configuration is consists of three parts.”是錯(cuò)誤的。有兩個(gè)正確的寫(xiě)法：
[1] The configuration is consisted of three parts.
[2] The configuration consists of three parts.
例94 “模型分為三類(lèi)”經(jīng)常被寫(xiě)成“Models divide into three classes”，正確的寫(xiě)法是“Models are
divided into three classes”。
例95 黑洞位于星系的中心：“Black hole locates in center of galaxy.”是錯(cuò)誤的，應(yīng)該改為“A black
hole is located in the center of a galaxy.”
每一個(gè)星系的中心都有一個(gè)黑洞：“A black hole is found in the center of every galaxy.”
或者“Every galaxy harbors a black hole at its center.”
所觀測(cè)的5 個(gè)星系中心都有一個(gè)黑洞：“Each of the five galaxies observed harbors a black hole at
its center.”或者“A black hole is found (located) in the center of each of the five galaxies observed.”
4.2 時(shí)態(tài)
例96 關(guān)于時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用：
(1) 敘述你本論文的工作使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);
(2) 描述你以前的相關(guān)工作使用一般過(guò)去時(shí);
(3) 描述別人以前的工作使用一般過(guò)去時(shí);
(4) 但是當(dāng)你現(xiàn)在的工作是以前你的或者別人的某個(gè)工作的延續(xù)時(shí)，對(duì)那個(gè)工作的描述需要使
用一般完成時(shí);
(5) 在文章的summary 部分描述本文章的結(jié)果時(shí)可以使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)和一般完成時(shí)，
如“The black hole we studied in this work ... ”,“In this paper we have calculated... ”,“It has been
shown that ... ”,“We study this problem ... ”,“We analyze these data... ”,“We start from ... ”,“We
found that ... ”,“We conclude that”,“It is shown”,“In this paper we calculate ... ”;
(6) 在回復(fù)審稿人的信里面，談到你這篇文章中你做了什么的時(shí)候用一般過(guò)去式，或者一般完
成時(shí)，如：
[1] Thanks for the referee's suggestion. Actually we calculated the mass accretion of three sources, but
neglected to include the result in the paper.
[2] We included Figure 2 and Table 3 in the revised manuscript.
[3] We thank the referee for these insightful comments and suggestions.
[4] We have improved the manuscript substantially.
[5] The manuscript has been improved significantly by including...
[6] 如果是回復(fù)審稿人的第二封信，開(kāi)頭可寫(xiě)為：We have further improved the manuscript
190 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
following the suggestions in the second referee report...
(7) 描述發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一件事用過(guò)去時(shí)，描述雖然過(guò)去發(fā)生的、但是已經(jīng)被認(rèn)定為“普遍事實(shí)
(general truth)”的使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如：
[1] Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggested that XTE J1701-462 was a Z source, because it
exhibited typical CDs of Z sources and its timing properties were also consistent with those of Z
sources.
例句[1] 并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但是如果寫(xiě)成：Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggested (發(fā)生在過(guò)去)
that XTE J1701-462 is (普遍事實(shí)) a Z source, because it exhibited (發(fā)生在過(guò)去) typical CDs of Z
sources and its timing properties are (普遍事實(shí)) also consistent with those of Z sources. 則意義有所
不同，更加強(qiáng)調(diào)“XTE J1701-462 is a Z source”和“its timing properties are also consistent with those
of Z sources”是被認(rèn)定的“普遍事實(shí)”。
再舉兩個(gè)例句：
[2] In yesterday's battle, three soldiers were killed and one was injured.
[3] Now a total of 15 soldiers are dead and nine soldiers are injured.
5 句法分析
5.1 句子成分的缺少或多余
例97 賓語(yǔ)里面不要出現(xiàn)不特指的人，很多文章出現(xiàn)“This has enabled people (people 應(yīng)刪除) to
do”。
例98 “get”(包括“got”) 使用的太多，可以適當(dāng)使用“obtain”, “derive”, “deduce”, “acquire”等(“This
result is got.”不要使用)。
例99 “Very importantly, SNe eject a lot of matter... ”是正確的。“Very importantly, SNe are powerful
fountains of high energy particles... ”是錯(cuò)誤的，importantly 應(yīng)該修改為important。
例100 “As one of our valued authors I believe you may interested to hear about
IOP Asia-Pacific, a new website from IOP Publishing dedicated to showcasing research from the
Asia-Pacific region.”這句話有兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，一個(gè)是主語(yǔ)不清楚，一個(gè)是被動(dòng)用錯(cuò)了。需要修改為“As
one of our valued authors, I believe, you may be interested to ... ”。
5.2 句子開(kāi)頭
例101 “We”作為句子的開(kāi)頭太頻繁：只有作者特別想強(qiáng)調(diào)是“我們”做的，而不是“別人”做的時(shí)
候才使用“We”作為句子的開(kāi)頭，在一篇文章的開(kāi)始和總結(jié)部分可以適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍�，正文中間
一般都是使用倒裝句字。
例102 “Now”作為句子的開(kāi)頭太頻繁。因?yàn)榭萍颊撐牡幕緯r(shí)態(tài)就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以基本上沒(méi)
有必要使用“Now”(見(jiàn)關(guān)于時(shí)態(tài)的討論)。
191 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
例103 盡量不要出現(xiàn)“We feel ... ”“We think ... ”之類(lèi)的句子。
例104 科技論文中不用下列口語(yǔ)化的東西：it's, can't, couldn't，doesn't 等。
例105 除了命令式之外，一個(gè)完整的句子必須有主語(yǔ)(而且只能有一個(gè))、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。
很多同學(xué)在一個(gè)句子里面用多個(gè)主語(yǔ)。如
[1] (a) The black hole binary is a very exciting source of high frequency QPOs, we
therefore decided to study it. 是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)：“the black hole binary”和“we”。
正確的寫(xiě)法是：
[1] (b) We decided to study the black hole binary, because it is a very exciting source of high
frequency QPOs. 或者
[1] (c) The black hole binary is a very exciting source of high frequency QPOs; we therefore decided
to study it.
再給一個(gè)例句：
[2] (a) The black hole binaries contain a primary black hole and a companion star, the mass exchange
between them through an accretion disk in the well-known thin accretion disk model.里面有幾個(gè)錯(cuò)
誤，修改后如下，
[2] (b) A black hole binary contains a primary black hole and a companion star, in which the mass
exchange between them is through an accretion disk described by the well-known thin accretion disk
model.
5.3 兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)
例106 “This is come from ... ”應(yīng)該改為“This comes from”(或者“This is from”)。
例107 “This radio-quiet quasar is also have a relativistic jet.”改為“This radio-quiet quasar al so has a
relativistic jet.”
5.4 復(fù)句
例108 復(fù)句里面“which”和“that”是主語(yǔ)，比如“Thus the temperature is determined by the heating of
the central source's luminosity, which is (注意這里需要“is”) given by equation 2.”
例109 一個(gè)句子作為賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，該句子前面應(yīng)該有that：
[1] We find (改為find that) the ΛCDM model is consistent with the joint data in 1-σ confidence
region.
[2] It is actually the expansion of the event horizon which (改為that) swallows the infalling shell.
[3] Almost all gravitational potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the accreted matter
which (改為that) free-falls into the black hole and thus is (注意這里需要“is”) lost into the event
horizon of the black hole.
[4] I am thinking about the environment distribution to (改為that may) course this missing emission.
192 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海天文臺(tái)年刊 2010 年
例110 復(fù)句里面主謂顛倒，如“It was not clear who did it and why was it (改為it was) necessary to
make the universe suitable for our existence.”
例111 不要用特別長(zhǎng)的句子：“The fit parameters listed in Table 3 are more accurate than those listed
in Table 5, because, as shown by the top panels in Figure 2, the count rate variation within each of the
29 HID regions used to group data for producing the PCA spectra is extremely minimized, while, as
shown by the bottom panels in Figure 2, the count rate varies substantially within most of the eight
segments used to group data for producing the broadband spectra.”主語(yǔ)很多，結(jié)果超復(fù)雜!可以簡(jiǎn)
化為
“The fit parameters listed in Table 3 are more accurate than those listed in Table 5, because the count
rate variation is minimized within each of the 29 HID regions used to group data for producing the
PCA spectra, as shown by the top panels in Figure 2. However, the count rate varies substantially
within most of the eight segments used to group data for producing the broadband spectra, as shown
by the bottom panels in Figure 2.”
5.5 兩個(gè)句型
例112 “A 隨著B(niǎo) 增加而增加”的正確翻譯是：“A increases with increasing B.”或者“A increases
with B.”例如：
[1] However, when the source moves on the upper track, the inner disk radius increases with
increasing of (改為with) the disk accretion rate.
[2] Panel B in Figure 11 shows the inferred NS surface magnetic field strength during the episodes in
which the inner disk radius increases with the increasing of the (改為increasing) disk accretion rate.
錯(cuò)誤的翻譯：
[1] A increases by increasing B.
[2] A increases with B increases.
[3] A increases with increases B.
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