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頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜—中層厚度的超聲評(píng)價(jià)與冠心病相關(guān)性研究
【摘要】 目的 觀察頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜-中層厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)和 冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease,CAD)的關(guān)系。方法 將65 例患者根據(jù)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果分為對(duì)照組與冠心病組。并測(cè)量這些患者的IMT及斑塊的形態(tài)。結(jié)果 CAD各組頸動(dòng)脈的IMT、斑塊發(fā)生率與對(duì)照組相比明顯增高,(P<0.05);多支病變組頸動(dòng)脈的IMT、鈣化斑塊發(fā)生率明顯高于單支病變組,(P<0.05);頸動(dòng)脈IMT值與CAD具有明顯相關(guān)性。結(jié)論 在CAD患者及具有其危險(xiǎn)因素人群中,進(jìn)行頸動(dòng)脈的IMT高頻超聲檢查,可間接反映冠狀動(dòng)脈情況,并且有助于對(duì)冠脈狹窄程度作出判斷,可成為早期診斷CAD的間接指標(biāo)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜-中層厚度;冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病; 纖維斑塊; 鈣化斑塊
Abstract: Objective To study the correlation between carotid artery?s intima-media thickness and coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease. Methods 65 patients were divided into two groups according to the results of angiography. The examination was performed by using a GEVV3 device and the intima-media thickness was measured. Results Carotid artery?s IMT and the incidence of mottling in CAD groups were significantly higher than that in normal groups (P<0.05), carotid artery?s IMT and the incidence of Calcification mottling in multi-vessel disease groups were significantly higher than that in single vessel disease groups (P<0.05). Positively statistical significance was obtained in the correlation between the carotid artery?s IMT and CAD. Conclusions Inpatients with CAD and persons with CAD risk factors,examined in carotid using high-frequency ultrasound,the method is very useful in the detection of the presence of coronary atherosclerosis and in the juguement of the extent.It can be a surrogate for diagnosing CAD in earlier period.
Key words: intima-media thickness (IMT); coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease (CAD); textile fiber mottling; Calcification mottling
冠心病是嚴(yán)重危害人們健康的常見(jiàn)病,在我國(guó)約占心臟病死亡人數(shù)的10%~20%。國(guó)外資料統(tǒng)計(jì)超過(guò)50%的心血管疾病患者以心肌梗死或急性冠脈綜合征為冠心病的首發(fā)癥狀[1]。而經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖在診斷冠心病的敏感性及特異性方面均有一定的限制。因此我們需要一種新的診查手段,對(duì)經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖陰性的非典型心絞痛、典型心絞痛患者、CAD高;颊呒盁o(wú)癥狀患者進(jìn)行早期診斷及干預(yù)。
1 實(shí)驗(yàn)資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇65 例住院患者,均行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查,根據(jù)造影結(jié)果分為對(duì)照組(冠脈造影正常者)20 例;冠心病組(陽(yáng)性診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為冠脈造影狹窄程度>50%)45 例:?jiǎn)沃Р∽兘M20 例、多支病變組25 例。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法 采用我院的GEVV3彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,探頭頻率7.5MHz。首先對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行二維超聲圖像檢測(cè);颊咂脚P位,頭偏向檢查對(duì)側(cè),充分暴露頸部,沿胸鎖乳突肌外緣縱切、橫切掃描檢查,顯示頸總動(dòng)脈全長(zhǎng),觀察頸動(dòng)脈有無(wú)斑塊,測(cè)量頸總動(dòng)脈后壁最厚處內(nèi)膜-中層厚度,在舒張末期測(cè)量。我們定義IMT>1.3 mm為動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成(纖維斑塊),強(qiáng)回聲光斑為鈣化斑塊。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法 測(cè)值均以(±s)表示,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析用方差分析及q檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。直線相關(guān)分析方法用于檢驗(yàn)兩參數(shù)之間的相關(guān)性,P<0.05為差別有顯著性意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 正常對(duì)照組的頸動(dòng)脈IMT平均值(0.74±0.15)mm,纖維斑塊發(fā)生率10.00%,鈣化斑塊發(fā)生率5.0%;CAD單支病變組頸動(dòng)脈IMT平均值(1.31±0.92)mm,纖維斑塊發(fā)生率55.0%,鈣化斑塊發(fā)生率40.0%;CAD多支病變組頸動(dòng)脈IMT平均值(2.08±1.22)mm,纖維斑塊發(fā)生率64.0%,鈣化斑塊發(fā)生率88.0%。CAD各組頸動(dòng)脈的IMT、斑塊發(fā)生率與對(duì)照組相比明顯增高P<0.05;多支病變組頸動(dòng)脈的IMT、鈣化斑塊發(fā)生率明顯高于單支病變組P<0.05;而纖維斑塊發(fā)生率與單支病變組之間無(wú)顯著性差異P>0.05,見(jiàn)表1。表1 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果與頸動(dòng)脈IMT及斑塊發(fā)生率的關(guān)系組別例數(shù)IMT注:病變組與正常組比較,*P<0.05; 多支病變組與單支病變組比較,#P<0.05
2.2 頸動(dòng)脈IMT值與CAD進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,IMT值與CAD的相關(guān)系數(shù)為r=0.57(P<0.01),見(jiàn)圖1。
2.3 在正常對(duì)照組20 例中發(fā)現(xiàn)頸動(dòng)脈纖維斑塊5 例,鈣化斑塊3 例;單支病變組20 例中發(fā)現(xiàn)頸動(dòng)脈纖維斑塊者11 例,鈣化斑塊8 例;多支病變組發(fā)現(xiàn)頸動(dòng)脈纖維斑塊16 例,鈣化斑塊22 例。因此頸動(dòng)脈纖維斑塊對(duì)CAD診斷的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為84.3%,鈣化斑塊對(duì)CAD診斷的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值90.9%。
3 討 論
外周動(dòng)脈與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化之間存在著相似的發(fā)病機(jī)制和病理生理基礎(chǔ)[2,3]。CHD的病因是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化改變,冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化發(fā)展是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,為了降低發(fā)病率和死亡率,對(duì)CAD高;颊呒盁o(wú)癥狀患者進(jìn)行早期檢測(cè)及干預(yù)是非常重要的。本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈的IMT及斑塊形態(tài)的檢測(cè),評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)脈壁結(jié)構(gòu)及其與CAD的相關(guān)性。
隨著超聲技術(shù)的發(fā)展及病理標(biāo)本檢測(cè),多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,IMT值的增加是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化早期表現(xiàn)。研究顯示動(dòng)脈IMT增厚先于斑塊發(fā)生。頸動(dòng)脈鈣化斑塊是包括冠狀動(dòng)脈在內(nèi)的全身動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及進(jìn)展的標(biāo)志。Pignoli[4]等認(rèn)為這種血管厚度的早期改變會(huì)導(dǎo)致以后粥樣斑塊發(fā)生,因此超聲檢測(cè)IMT對(duì)研究動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有重要意義。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示CAD各組與對(duì)照組比較,隨著冠脈病變程度加重,頸動(dòng)脈的IMT測(cè)值增加。尤以多支病變顯著。頸動(dòng)脈IMT值與CAD具有明顯的相關(guān)性。表明頸動(dòng)脈的IMT增厚是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)因子。頸動(dòng)脈纖維斑塊對(duì)CAD診斷的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為84.3%,鈣化斑塊對(duì)CAD診斷的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值90.9%。CAD各組斑塊發(fā)生率與對(duì)照組相比明顯增高。多支病變組鈣化斑塊發(fā)生率明顯高于單支病變組。因此不僅要觀察IMT的厚度,還要觀察斑塊的形態(tài)。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是沿著脂紋-纖維板塊-粥樣斑塊的病理變化演變,其中粥樣斑塊內(nèi)可見(jiàn)膽固醇結(jié)晶及鈣化,是硬化發(fā)展的終末階段。因此鈣化斑塊的出現(xiàn)提示冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重的可能性增大。其對(duì)CAD診斷的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值更高。Wald[5,6]等研究后得出結(jié)論頸動(dòng)脈IMT結(jié)合斑塊來(lái)篩查冠心病要優(yōu)于它們兩個(gè)任何一項(xiàng)的單獨(dú)篩查。Lisowska等的實(shí)驗(yàn)認(rèn)為股動(dòng)脈的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化損傷比頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重,因此應(yīng)采用外周動(dòng)脈多部位的復(fù)合超聲評(píng)價(jià)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)冠心病及其嚴(yán)重程度更有意義。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
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